πΏ Indian Medicinal Plants
1. Cucumis prophetarum
Local Names: Sanskrit: Aindri, Kakadini; Hindi: Kharlndroyan; Gujarati: Kantalanindrauan; Afrikaans: Bitterappel; many others.
Medicinal Uses:
Emetic and purgative.
Root powder with curds/butter → strong purgative (Baluchistan).
Fruit in milk → fever remedy (Las Bela).
Used in South Africa to relieve vomiting (dogs) and as a purgative.
Preparations: Root powder or fruit pulp, often mixed with milk.
Distribution: Sind, Baluchistan, dry districts of India.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Traditionally linked to cleansing and expulsion of toxins—both physical and spiritual.
2. Cucumis sativus (Common Cucumber)
Local Names: Sanskrit: Trapusha; Hindi: Khira; Tamil: Pipjngkay; French: Concombre; German: Gurke; many others.
Medicinal Uses:
Fruit applied externally to relieve inflammation.
Seeds have cooling and diuretic properties.
Leaves boiled and mixed with cumin for throat affections.
Fruit used as an anthelmintic in Madagascar.
Preparations: External application, seed oil, leaf decoction.
Distribution: Cultivated widely in India and globally.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Known in Ayurveda as a cooling, balancing plant—supports hydration and reduces “heat” in the body.
3. Citrullus species (Watermelon types, including Colocynth)
Medicinal Uses:
C. colocynthis used medicinally in Guinea, the Philippines.
C. vulgaris in Russia, China, Indo-China.
C. caffer in South Africa.
Uses: Fruits used as powerful purgatives; certain species official in pharmacopoeias.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Bitter fruits like colocynth were believed to “purge evil humors” and cleanse the system deeply.
4. Colocynth (Citrullus colocynthis)
Local Names: Sanskrit: Atmaraksha, Devi, Kapilakshi; Arabic: Aulqum, Hahzal; Hindi: Indrayan; English: Bitter Apple, Bitter Cucumber.
Medicinal Uses:
Root paste applied to boils, pimples, and enlarged abdomen of children.
Fruit and seeds → purgative (Baluchistan).
Cataplasm of leaves → migraine, neuralgia.
Traditional use for snakebite and scorpion sting (Charaka, Sushruta) though modern findings say ineffective.
Preparations: Root paste, cataplasms, seed decoctions.
Distribution: India, Baluchistan, Africa, Middle East.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Extremely bitter—used in ancient times to purge toxins and “ward off evil.”
5. Watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris)
Medicinal Uses:
Unripe fruit → astringent, cures jaundice, aphrodisiac.
Ripe fruit → cooling, diuretic, stomachic, blood purifier, good for sore eyes, scabies, and itching.
Seeds → tonic to the brain, aphrodisiac.
Juice → antiseptic in typhus fever (Ainslie).
Preparations: Fruit pulp, juice, seed preparations.
Distribution: Widely cultivated in India, tropical Asia, Africa.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Balances pitta (heat) and kapha (phlegm); linked to purification.
6. Citrullus vulgaris var. fistulosus
Medicinal Uses:
Fruit medicinally used similarly to C. vulgaris; acts as a cooling agent and diuretic.
Preparations: Juice, fruit pulp.
Distribution: Cultivated in Punjab, Sind, Upper Ganges plain.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Considered to have the same balancing and purifying qualities as regular watermelon.
7. Scarlet Fruit Plant (possibly Coccinia indica / Ivy Gourd)
Local Names: Sanskrit: Bimba, Tundikeri; Hindi: Kundru; Marathi: Tondali; Tamil: Koval; Persian: Kabarehindi; many others.
Medicinal Uses:
Sweet Variety: Root cooling, aphrodisiac; stops vomiting and urinary losses; given for uterine discharges. Leaves cure kapha and pitta disorders; flowers treat itching, biliousness, jaundice; fruit antipyretic, cures leprosy, bronchitis, asthma, blood diseases, jaundice.
Bitter Variety: Fruit bitter, laxative, emetic; cures foul breath, bronchitis, anaemia, skin inflammation, blood diseases.
Diabetes: Fresh juice (root, leaves, stem) used traditionally to lower sugar; modern tests show no effect on sugar levels in animals.
Applied externally for skin eruptions, ringworm, psoriasis, and ulcers.
Preparations: Root juice, leaf decoctions, cooked leaves, oil preparations.
Distribution: Throughout India, Ceylon, Malaya, and tropical Asia.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Sweet vs. bitter types mirror balance vs. detox; used as adjunct in metal-based Ayurvedic treatments for diabetes.
8. Cucurbita species (Pumpkins & Gourds)
Medicinal Uses:
Root paste applied to boils and enlarged abdomen.
Fruit used for bronchitis, asthma, and jaundice.
Decoction of leaves for bronchial catarrh; oil from leaves/stems applied to ulcers and chronic skin conditions.
Fresh juice sometimes used for diabetes but without proven effect.
Leaves applied externally in eruptions; whole plant used internally for gonorrhea.
Preparations: Root paste, leaf decoction, oil infusions.
Distribution: India and tropical regions.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Gourds were considered protective and purifying; bitter types were seen as removing “dark humors.”
9. Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia, implied in the text)
Medicinal Uses:
Leaves used for skin eruptions and as liniment with ghee for sores.
Sap mixed with mustard oil for earache (Chota Nagpur).
Decoction used as expectorant and antispasmodic in bronchitis.
Leaves and fruit recommended in snakebite and scorpion sting (traditional).
Preparations: Leaf oil, decoction, sap infusions.
Distribution: India, Burma, Malaya, tropical Asia.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: A classic tikta rasa (bitter) plant used to cleanse blood and skin.
10. Unspecified Cucurbita (General Entry for American Pumpkins)
Medicinal Uses:
Various species cultivated for food and medicine.
Traditionally, fruits used for inflammation, seeds for diuretic and antiparasitic properties.
Preparations: Seeds, pulp, decoction.
Distribution: American origin, long cultivated in India.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Pumpkins symbolize nourishment and protection, with medicinal value balancing excess heat.
11. Vegetable Marrow (Cucurbita pepo, including Zucchini types)
Local Names: Sanskrit: Karkaru, Kurkaru; Hindi: Kadima, Safed Kaddu; Italian: Zuccha; Portuguese: AbΓ³bora d’Γ‘gua; many others.
Medicinal Uses:
Fruit cooling, diuretic, and nourishing.
Used to relieve inflammation and burning sensations.
Acts as a mild laxative and supports digestion.
Preparations: Cooked fruit, pulp applications.
Distribution: India, Asia, Africa, and widely cultivated globally.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Considered sattvic (pure) food, bringing cooling and calming energy.
12. Bryonopsis laciniosa (Shivalingi)
Local Names: Sanskrit: Ishwari, Lingaja, Shivalingi; Hindi: Shivalingi; Marathi: Vadubaili; Bengali: Mala.
Medicinal Uses:
Leaves applied topically to reduce inflammation.
Plant is bitter, pungent, and acts as an alterative (improves metabolism).
Known as a tonic; used to strengthen the reproductive system and as a fertility enhancer.
Preparations: Leaves as poultice, plant decoction.
Distribution: Tropical Africa, Asia, Philippines, Australia.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Associated with fertility and divine feminine energy (linked to Shiva’s symbol).
13. Melothria species (Tiny Gourds)
Medicinal Uses:
Leaves and fruit traditionally used to treat fevers and skin irritations.
Certain species have diuretic and blood-cleansing effects.
Preparations: Decoctions of leaves and fruits.
Distribution: Warm regions across the globe.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Small fruits symbolized purity and were used in rituals for cleansing the blood and energy.
14. Melothria maderaspatana
Medicinal Uses:
Used as an expectorant and digestive stimulant.
Helps in the treatment of colds, bronchial disorders, and mild fevers.
Preparations: Decoction of aerial parts, fruit infusion.
Distribution: Tropical India, Sri Lanka.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Considered to “clear the channels” (srotas), aiding breath and energy flow.
15. Momordica dioica (Spiny Gourd, Kantola)
Medicinal Uses:
Fruit cooling, diuretic, and anti-inflammatory.
Root paste applied for boils and skin eruptions.
Preparations: Cooked fruit, root paste.
Distribution: India and Southeast Asia.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Bitter taste signifies detox and purification.
16. Momordica charantia (Bitter Melon / Karela)
Local Names: Sanskrit: Karavella; Hindi: Karela; Tamil: Pavakkai; many regional variations.
Medicinal Uses:
Bitter fruit used to purify blood, treat skin disorders, and aid digestion.
Traditionally used to lower blood sugar (for diabetes); juice taken internally.
Leaf decoction used for fevers and intestinal worms.
Preparations: Fresh juice, fruit decoction, leaf extracts.
Distribution: Widely grown across India, Southeast Asia, and tropical regions.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Bitter plants are cleansing in Ayurveda, helping remove toxins and negative energy.
17. Trichosanthes dioica (Pointed Gourd / Parwal)
Medicinal Uses:
Fruit is cooling, easily digestible, and supports liver function.
Used in treating fevers, constipation, and skin disorders.
Preparations: Cooked as vegetable; also used in herbal formulations.
Distribution: Cultivated widely in India.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Considered a sattvic food, promoting balance and health.
18. Luffa acutangula (Ridge Gourd / Torai)
Medicinal Uses:
Juice of the fresh fruit used to treat jaundice.
Leaves applied for skin eruptions and swelling.
Seeds sometimes used as a mild purgative.
Preparations: Juice, leaf poultice.
Distribution: Cultivated in tropical Asia.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Known to “cleanse the liver” and rejuvenate the system.
19. Luffa cylindrica (Sponge Gourd / Dhudhi Torai)
Medicinal Uses:
Fruit juice acts as a mild laxative and helps in liver disorders.
Seeds used to clear intestinal parasites.
Leaves applied externally for skin inflammation.
Preparations: Fresh juice, seeds, leaf applications.
Distribution: India, Southeast Asia.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Symbolizes purification; also used in household rituals for cleansing.
20. Sechium edule (Chayote / Chow Chow)
Medicinal Uses:
Fruit diuretic and cooling, aids in lowering blood pressure.
Leaves used in poultices for inflammation.
Supports kidney and urinary health.
Preparations: Cooked fruit, decoction of leaves.
Distribution: Introduced species, now grown in parts of India.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Promotes water balance and supports kidney energy in Ayurvedic practice.
21. Zanonia indica
Local Names: Sanskrit: Dirghapatra, Jvarakarini; Hindi: Chirpotana; Malayalam: Penarvalli; Sinhalese: Walrasakinda.
Medicinal Uses:
Leaves applied topically to reduce inflammation.
Fruit cooling and laxative; cures asthma and bronchitis but may cause fever or biliousness.
Leaves with milk and butter → liniment for antispasmodic conditions.
Fresh juice claimed to be an antidote to gecko bites (traditional).
Bath with boiled leaves reduces nervous irritation from boils.
Preparations: Leaf liniment, boiled leaf bath, fruit juice.
Distribution: Assam, Eastern Bengal, Ceylon, Malabar, Java, Malaya.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Considered protective and febrifuge; linked to cleansing nervous and respiratory systems.
22. Bryonopsis species (continued varieties)
Medicinal Uses:
Plant is hot, pungent, and used as an alterative.
Leaves applied to inflamed areas.
Whole plant bitter, tonic, and collected when fruiting.
Preparations: Leaf paste, decoction.
Distribution: Tropical Asia, Africa.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Bitter plants traditionally remove toxins and purify blood and energy pathways.
23. Begonia species (e.g., Begonia rex and related)
Medicinal Uses:
Genus known as refrigerant (cooling).
Some species poisonous to leeches.
In various regions: used to reduce fever and inflammation.
Preparations: Leaf extracts, poultices.
Distribution: Tropical Asia, subtropical regions, widely cultivated ornamentals.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Cooling energy; soothing plant for fiery conditions.
24. Begonia aptera / acetosa varieties
Medicinal Uses:
Used in South Africa, Brazil, and La RΓ©union as febrifuge and anti-inflammatory.
Certain species applied for burns, wounds, and skin irritations.
Preparations: Leaf poultice, juice.
Distribution: Tropical/subtropical climates.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Carries lunar (cooling) qualities, reducing internal and external “heat.”
25. Begonia sanguinea
Medicinal Uses:
Leaves used as a topical remedy for sores and skin eruptions.
Traditionally valued for its ability to calm inflamed tissues.
Preparations: Crushed leaf poultice.
Distribution: Brazil, India (cultivated).
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Red leaves linked symbolically to blood purification and healing.
26. Begonia undulata and hirtella (grouped)
Medicinal Uses:
Decoctions used to treat fevers and intestinal disorders.
Certain species also have mild diuretic properties.
Preparations: Decoction, external application.
Distribution: Brazil, tropical Asia.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Their wave-like leaves were symbolically used in rituals for calming emotional turbulence.
27. Begonia platanifolia and related species
Medicinal Uses:
Leaf poultices for wounds, cuts, and ulcers.
Acts as an astringent and mild antiseptic.
Preparations: Leaf paste, crushed plant.
Distribution: Tropics and subtropics.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Represents renewal and skin healing in herbal traditions.
28. Begonia bidntata / caeullata
Medicinal Uses:
Applied externally for burns and insect bites.
Decoction used in traditional medicine for fevers.
Preparations: Decoction, poultice.
Distribution: Brazil, tropical Asia.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Carries protective and soothing energy.
29. Begonia hirtella Link
Medicinal Uses:
Applied to inflamed areas to relieve pain.
Sometimes used as a topical cooling agent in traditional remedies.
Preparations: Leaf application.
Distribution: Brazil, Asia.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Known for calming heat (pitta) and restoring balance.
30. Begonia rex (final of this section)
Medicinal Uses:
Specifically noted for cooling qualities and anti-inflammatory effects.
Used to soothe irritated skin.
Preparations: Fresh leaf juice, poultice.
Distribution: India, cultivated ornamental.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Symbol of beauty and healing energy.
31. Prickly Pear (Opuntia species)
Local Names: Sanskrit: Nagaphana, Vajrakantaka; Hindi: Nagphani; Tamil: Nagadali; Portuguese: Palma tor ia d’inferno.
Medicinal Uses:
Warmed joints used in poultices for guinea worm, abscesses.
Part of Sushruta’s Ksharagada (snake remedy), but not a true antidote.
Juice and pulp used to reduce inflammation and promote healing.
Preparations: Warmed pads, juice applications.
Distribution: India, Deccan, tropical regions.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Associated with protection and removing “poisons,” both physical and symbolic.
32. Ficoidaceae species (Ice Plants, Pigface, etc.)
Medicinal Uses:
Certain species have succulent leaves used to soothe burns, rashes, and wounds.
Traditionally applied to cool inflamed skin.
Preparations: Leaf sap, poultice.
Distribution: Tropical Africa, Asia, Australia, coastal regions.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Water-rich plants are believed to “draw out heat” and calm fiery conditions.
33. Carpobrotus species (Sea Fig / Hottentot Fig – within Ficoidaceae)
Medicinal Uses:
Leaf juice used as an astringent for throat infections.
Applied to insect bites and skin irritations.
Preparations: Fresh juice, crushed leaves.
Distribution: Coastal India, Africa, Australia.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Known for its “cooling and protective aura” in traditional uses.
34. Mesembryanthemum species (Ficoidaceae group)
Medicinal Uses:
Sap used for soothing sunburns, skin eruptions, and minor wounds.
Certain species used as mild laxatives.
Preparations: Leaf sap, poultice, decoction.
Distribution: South Africa, India (introduced).
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Symbolic of water element and regeneration.
35. Bryophyllum pinnatum (Air Plant / Patharchatta – often grouped in related succulent families)
Medicinal Uses:
Leaves used in poultices for wounds and abscesses.
Juice taken internally for kidney stones and urinary issues.
Preparations: Fresh leaf juice, paste.
Distribution: Tropical Asia and Africa.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Regenerative plant; its self-rooting leaves symbolize healing and rebirth.
36. Caralluma species (succulent vines)
Medicinal Uses:
Traditionally used to suppress appetite and increase endurance.
Decoction of stems used for diabetes.
Preparations: Decoction, stem extract.
Distribution: Dry regions of India and Arabia.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Linked to survival and resilience.
37. Stapelia species (Carrion Flowers – medicinally used in small ways)
Medicinal Uses:
Bitter stems sometimes used in traditional medicine for digestive stimulation.
Preparations: Small doses of stem juice.
Distribution: African origin, sometimes cultivated in India.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Represents transformation; bitterness tied to detox.
38. Euphorbia species (Latex Plants)
Medicinal Uses:
Latex used externally to remove warts, treat skin conditions.
Roots used as purgative (in small doses).
Preparations: Latex applications, root decoction.
Distribution: Widespread in India.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Known as a powerful plant—both healing and caustic, representing controlled fire energy.
39. Euphorbia hirta (Asthma Plant)
Medicinal Uses:
Decoction used for asthma and respiratory disorders.
Latex applied to skin ailments.
Preparations: Decoction, latex applications.
Distribution: India, tropical Asia.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Linked to breath (prana) cleansing and lung energy.
40. Euphorbia neriifolia (Sehund, Thorny Milk Hedge)
Medicinal Uses:
Latex applied for ulcers, chronic wounds.
Used externally in gout and joint pains.
Preparations: Latex, poultice.
Distribution: India, tropical Asia.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Thorny plants are protective in symbolism; this plant embodies both pain and healing.
41. Plant with Anthelmintic Properties (Possibly Aileya / Aluka)
Local Names: Sanskrit: Aileya, Aluka, Elavaluka; Tamil: Manalikkirai; French: Giseque.
Medicinal Uses:
Fresh plant (leaves, stalks, capsules) used as a powerful anthelmintic for tapeworm.
Traditionally administered as powdered plant in draught form.
Preparations: Powdered plant taken with water, repeated at intervals.
Distribution: Reported in India and tropical regions.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Used in cleansing rituals against “internal parasites” — symbolic of removing inner negativity.
42. Umbelliferae Family (General Entry – Apiaceae Herbs)
Medicinal Uses:
Members like celery, coriander, cumin have aromatic oils with carminative, digestive, and anti-inflammatory properties.
Seeds often used to relieve colic and aid digestion.
Preparations: Seeds, essential oils, decoctions.
Distribution: Cosmopolitan, with many species in temperate and tropical India.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Umbellifers are linked to digestive fire (agni), supporting clarity and focus.
43. Hydrocotyle asiatica (Gotu Kola)
Medicinal Uses:
Renowned as a brain tonic and wound healer.
Used to improve memory, calm anxiety, and promote longevity.
Leaf paste applied to chronic wounds.
Preparations: Fresh leaves eaten, decoction, paste.
Distribution: India, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: A sacred rejuvenator in Ayurveda, enhancing mental clarity and spiritual awareness.
44. Bunium persicum (Black Caraway – Kalonji)
Medicinal Uses:
Seeds carminative, digestive, and antispasmodic.
Traditionally used to relieve bloating and intestinal discomfort.
Preparations: Seed powder, decoction.
Distribution: Northern India, Kashmir.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Seeds used in rituals for protection and purification.
45. Pimpinella anisum (Anise)
Medicinal Uses:
Seeds relieve cough, soothe digestion, and freshen breath.
Infusion used as an expectorant.
Preparations: Seed tea, essential oil.
Distribution: Cultivated in India and the Mediterranean.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Sweet aromatic seeds promote calmness and harmony.
46. Carum carvi (Caraway)
Medicinal Uses:
Seeds aid digestion, treat flatulence, and relieve colic.
Used for bronchitis and menstrual cramps.
Preparations: Seed tea, spice in food.
Distribution: Temperate India, cultivated in Kashmir.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Warming seeds that stimulate inner fire and vitality.
47. Coriandrum sativum (Coriander / Dhania)
Medicinal Uses:
Seeds carminative, cooling, and aid in detoxification.
Leaf juice used for eye inflammation and allergies.
Preparations: Seed decoction, fresh leaves.
Distribution: Widely cultivated in India.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Calming and cooling, balancing excess heat (pitta).
48. Foeniculum vulgare (Fennel / Saunf)
Medicinal Uses:
Seeds improve digestion, relieve gas, and increase milk flow in lactating mothers.
Decoction used for coughs and sore throats.
Preparations: Seed infusion, roasted seeds.
Distribution: Cultivated widely.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Sweet and sattvic; promotes clarity and gentle warmth.
49. Anethum graveolens (Dill / Suva)
Medicinal Uses:
Seeds aid digestion, soothe colic, and support appetite.
Oil used for stomach disorders.
Preparations: Seed tea, oil.
Distribution: India, Mediterranean.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Gentle digestive herb used in postnatal care.
50. Cuminum cyminum (Cumin / Jeera)
Medicinal Uses:
Seeds stimulate digestion and metabolism.
Used in fever, diarrhea, and as an appetite enhancer.
Preparations: Seed decoction, spice.
Distribution: Cultivated in India and Middle East.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Warming and protective, aiding in grounding energy.
51. Bupleurum falcatum (Sickle Hare’s Ear / Chai Hu)
Local Names: Chinese: Chai Hu; Indo-China: Bac Sai Ho; Punjab: Kalizewar.
Medicinal Uses:
Roots used as diaphoretic (induces sweating), antipyretic, and for liver troubles.
In China, used to treat thoracic and abdominal inflammation, flatulence, indigestion, malaria, and fevers.
Preparations: Root decoction, powdered root.
Distribution: Temperate Himalayas, East Asia, Indo-China.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Traditionally seen as a plant that “releases heat” and restores energy flow.
52. Bupleurum rotundifolium & related species
Medicinal Uses:
Roots diaphoretic, used for liver and fever disorders.
Similar properties to B. falcatum.
Preparations: Root decoction.
Distribution: Punjab, Amur region, East Asia.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Strengthens liver energy; cleansing in both physical and spiritual traditions.
53. Apium graveolens (Celery)
Local Names: Known globally as celery.
Medicinal Uses:
Roots and seeds diuretic, digestive, and used to reduce inflammation.
Traditionally used in Europe and China for joint pains and urinary disorders.
Preparations: Root decoction, seed tea.
Distribution: Cultivated widely.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Cooling and purifying; supports kidney function and emotional calm.
54. Petroselinum sativum (Parsley)
Medicinal Uses:
Roots and seeds stimulate digestion and act as diuretics.
Used to clear urinary infections and reduce water retention.
Preparations: Seed tea, root infusion.
Distribution: Cultivated herb in temperate climates.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Protective plant; historically used in cleansing rituals.
55. Hydrocotyle vulgaris (Marsh Pennywort)
Medicinal Uses:
Similar to Gotu Kola; used to heal wounds and improve circulation.
Traditionally supports nervous system health.
Preparations: Leaf tea, poultice.
Distribution: Marshy areas of India and Europe.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Supports mental clarity and inner balance.
56. Angelica archangelica (Angelica Root)
Medicinal Uses:
Roots aromatic, carminative, and used for digestive weakness.
Acts as a mild tonic and expectorant.
Preparations: Root decoction, tincture.
Distribution: Grown in temperate regions; introduced to India.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Considered a plant of protection and spiritual cleansing.
57. Levisticum officinale (Lovage)
Medicinal Uses:
Roots and seeds carminative, diuretic, and stomachic.
Used in Europe and Asia for kidney and digestive health.
Preparations: Root decoction, seed tea.
Distribution: Cultivated herb.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Warming herb that “unblocks stagnation” in energy flow.
58. Centella asiatica (Gotu Kola – reaffirmed entry)
Medicinal Uses:
Brain tonic, wound healer, improves memory, reduces anxiety.
Enhances longevity and vitality.
Preparations: Fresh leaves, teas, decoctions.
Distribution: India, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Sacred herb for spiritual development and mental awakening.
59. Heracleum candicans (Indian Hogweed)
Medicinal Uses:
Roots used as stimulant and aphrodisiac.
Also applied for digestive and respiratory disorders.
Preparations: Root extract, decoction.
Distribution: Himalayan regions.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Strong energy plant, associated with vitality and strength.
60. Ferula asafoetida (Asafoetida / Hing)
Medicinal Uses:
Resin (hing) used as carminative, digestive stimulant, and antispasmodic.
Traditionally applied to relieve colic and respiratory disorders.
Preparations: Resin powder, decoction.
Distribution: Afghanistan, Iran, cultivated in India.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Known to expel negative energies; used in protective rituals.
61. Pimpinella saxifraga (Burnet Saxifrage / Lesser Burnet)
Local Names: English: Burnet Saxifrage; French: Petit Boucage; German: Kleiner Bibernelle.
Medicinal Uses:
Root aromatic, carminative, stomachic.
Infusion relieves flatulent indigestion.
Used in Europe as a lithontriptic (breaks down stones).
Preparations: Root infusion, powder.
Distribution: Europe, introduced in India.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Associated with clearing blockages—both physical (stones) and energetic.
62. Pimpinella diversifolia
Medicinal Uses:
Herb carminative, aids digestion.
Preparations: Herbal infusion, leaves used fresh.
Distribution: Himalayan regions.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Used to balance digestive energy (agni).
63. Pimpinella stocksii
Medicinal Uses:
Similar to other Pimpinella species: aromatic, stimulant, aids in indigestion.
Preparations: Herb decoction, infusion.
Distribution: Northern India.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Light, airy energy—helps release digestive stagnation.
64. Seseli species
Medicinal Uses:
Fruits aromatic, stimulant, and carminative.
Used for stomach pains and respiratory ailments.
Preparations: Fruit decoction, powdered seeds.
Distribution: India, Europe, Africa, Asia.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Seeds symbolically used to strengthen inner fire.
65. Seseli indicum
Medicinal Uses:
Fruit aromatic, stimulant, and carminative.
Used traditionally in Indian medicine to ease digestive disorders.
Preparations: Seed decoction, spice use.
Distribution: India and surrounding regions.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Warm, uplifting plant energy.
66. Ligusticum diffusa (Indian Lovage)
Medicinal Uses:
Roots used as stimulant, carminative, and expectorant.
Helpful in bronchitis and digestive issues.
Preparations: Root decoction, tincture.
Distribution: Himalayas.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Promotes respiratory flow and mental clarity.
67. Bupleurum bungei (another Bupleurum variety)
Medicinal Uses:
Similar to B. falcatum; used for liver disorders and as a diaphoretic.
Preparations: Root decoction.
Distribution: Indo-China, Malaya.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Known for harmonizing liver and emotions.
68. Seseli tortuosum (European Wild Herb)
Medicinal Uses:
Fruit aromatic, stimulant, aids digestion.
Used in Europe as a respiratory remedy.
Preparations: Fruit decoction.
Distribution: Europe, Asia.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Clears stagnation, supports breath.
69. Seseli libanotis
Medicinal Uses:
Fruit used medicinally in China and Indo-China.
Carminative, stimulant, aids digestion.
Preparations: Seeds and fruit decoction.
Distribution: China, India, Indo-China.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Warming energy, used in protection formulas.
70. Seseli species (grouped – aromatic variants)
Medicinal Uses:
All variants possess aromatic and stimulant properties.
Traditionally used for colds, digestive weakness, and respiratory ailments.
Preparations: Seed powder, decoction.
Distribution: Europe, Asia, India.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Energizing and protective in ancient traditions.
71. Peucedanum graveolens (Indian Dill / Suva)
Local Names: Sanskrit: Ahichhatra, Shalakshi; Hindi: Sowa; English: Dill; French: Aneth.
Medicinal Uses:
Seeds sharp, hot, bitter; stomachic, antipyretic, carminative, and anthelmintic.
Treats vata and kapha disorders, ulcers, abdominal pain, eye diseases, uterine pain.
Fruit laxative, diuretic, emmenagogue; used for liver, spleen, chest, and syphilis.
Infusion given as a cordial drink to women post-childbirth.
Dillwater is a traditional remedy for children’s flatulence and digestive issues.
Preparations: Dillwater, seed infusion, leaf poultice.
Distribution: India, Europe, West Asia.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Warming and protective; used in rituals to expel negative energy.
72. Peucedanum officinale (European Lovage Dill)
Medicinal Uses:
Roots and fruit stimulant, carminative, and diuretic.
Treats colic, respiratory ailments, and digestive weakness.
Preparations: Root decoction, seed tea.
Distribution: Europe, Asia, occasionally in Indian herbal use.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Enhances digestive fire (agni), associated with vitality.
73. Peucedanum terebinthaceum
Medicinal Uses:
Seeds aromatic, stimulant, and expectorant.
Traditionally used for coughs and chest infections.
Preparations: Seed decoction.
Distribution: Malaya, Indo-China, India.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Opens chest energy, promotes breathing flow.
74. Peucedanum galbanum (Galbanum Plant)
Medicinal Uses:
Resin (galbanum) used as anti-inflammatory and expectorant.
Applied to wounds and ulcers.
Preparations: Resin poultice, tincture.
Distribution: South Africa, also noted in India.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Resin linked to purification and protective incense rituals.
75. Peucedanum capense (Cape Peucedanum)
Medicinal Uses:
Similar to galbanum: resin and fruit used for respiratory conditions and joint pain.
Preparations: Resin extract, inhalation, decoction.
Distribution: South Africa; occasionally in Indian trade.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Used in cleansing and protective smoke.
76. Pimpinella anisum (Anise – reinforced entry)
Medicinal Uses:
Seeds relieve cough, soothe digestion, and freshen breath.
Traditional expectorant and mild sedative.
Preparations: Seed infusion, essential oil.
Distribution: India, Mediterranean.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Sweet aromatic energy; harmonizing.
77. Peucedanum magatiesmontanum
Medicinal Uses:
Roots aromatic and carminative, used in traditional South African remedies for stomach disorders.
Preparations: Root decoction, powder.
Distribution: South Africa; medicinal trade to India.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Root energy grounding and protective.
78. Peucedanum tenuifolium
Medicinal Uses:
Leaves and seeds used to reduce inflammation and stimulate digestion.
Preparations: Decoction, poultice.
Distribution: South Africa, India (limited).
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Used to clear stagnant energy.
79. Peucedanum frasninifolium
Medicinal Uses:
Fruit aromatic, bitter, stimulant, and digestive.
Preparations: Fruit decoction.
Distribution: Guinea, tropical regions.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Bitter properties linked to detoxification.
80. Peucedanum palustre (Marsh Peucedanum)
Medicinal Uses:
Roots diuretic and febrifuge; used to treat fevers and water retention.
Preparations: Root decoction.
Distribution: Europe, Asia, sometimes in Indian herbal formulations.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Cleansing water element plant, balancing emotions.
81. Cuminum cyminum (Cumin – reinforced entry)
Local Names: Sanskrit: Ajaji, Jiraka; Hindi: Zira; Arabic: Kammun.
Medicinal Uses:
Seeds digestive, cooling, and carminative.
Used in diarrhea, dyspepsia, and as a lactagogue.
Traditionally prescribed for snakebite and scorpion sting (Charaka), but modern sources say not effective as antidote.
Preparations: Seed decoction, spice, poultice with oil.
Distribution: Cultivated widely.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Symbol of digestive fire (dipana); protective in rituals.
82. Daucus carota (Carrot – Wild & Cultivated)
Local Names: Sanskrit: Gajara; Hindi: Gajar; English: Carrot.
Medicinal Uses:
Root sweet, bitter; tonic, aphrodisiac, expectorant, diuretic, stomachic.
Cures leprosy, piles, tumors, inflammation, asthma, hiccough.
Wild carrot seeds are uterine stimulants (used during parturition).
Rasped root poultice for burns and ulcers; raw root anthelmintic.
Decoction used for jaundice and infantile diarrhea.
Preparations: Raw root, poultice, decoction, fermented seed liquor.
Distribution: Cultivated and wild across India and temperate regions.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Associated with vitality and reproductive energy.
83. Carrot Seeds (Wild Carrot Specific Use)
Medicinal Uses:
Aphrodisiac in Punjab.
Used as nervine tonic and to stimulate uterus.
Emetic in Baluchistan (wild seeds).
Preparations: Seed decoction, honey-fermented infusion.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Seeds symbolize fertility and stimulation of life force.
84. Anise Species (confirmed entry under aromatic category)
Medicinal Uses:
Seeds relieve cough, act as expectorant, and soothe digestion.
Used in colic and respiratory infections.
Preparations: Seed infusion, oil.
Distribution: Cultivated widely.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Sweet aroma calms and harmonizes energy.
85. Apiaceae Group (Umbelliferous Aromatic Herbs – grouped entry)
Medicinal Uses:
Various species (dill, cumin, caraway) used for digestive, carminative, and stimulant purposes.
Oils have antimicrobial effects.
Preparations: Seeds as spice and medicine.
Distribution: Global.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Herbs of warmth, cleansing, and protection.
86. Wild Carrot (Daucus carota var. sativa & var. sylvestris)
Medicinal Uses:
Roots refrigerant and tonic.
Leaves used externally for wounds and as poultice.
Preparations: Raw, poultice, decoction.
Distribution: Found in Baluchistan and throughout India.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Root energy grounding; leaves cleansing.
87. Carrot Marmalade (Traditional Preparation)
Medicinal Uses:
Prepared from roots; considered refrigerant and soothing to stomach.
Preparations: Marmalade used as cooling tonic.
Distribution: Traditional European remedy.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Sweet preserves balance and nurture.
88. Umbelliferous Oils (from Carrot and Dill Seeds)
Medicinal Uses:
Oils vermicidal, anthelmintic, carminative.
Used in digestive disorders and to expel worms.
Preparations: Oil extract.
Distribution: Indian herbal medicine.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Oil essence symbolizes concentration of healing power.
89. Konkan Carrot Poultice (Regional Remedy)
Medicinal Uses:
Carrot and salt poultice used in tinea and skin infections.
Preparations: Root and salt paste applied externally.
Distribution: Konkan region of India.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Combines earth and salt energy to purify skin ailments.
90. Carrot Decoction (European & Indo-China Use)
Medicinal Uses:
Decoction widely used for jaundice, infant diarrhea, and digestive disorders.
Preparations: Boiled root tea, used internally.
Distribution: India, Europe, Indo-China.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Decoctions embody transformation, extracting plant essence for healing.
91. Ankola Tree (Alangium salvifolium)
Local Names: Sanskrit: Ankola, Vishaghria; Hindi: Akola, Akol; Tamil: Alangi; Malayalam: Ankolam.
Medicinal Uses:
Root: Acrid, bitter, pungent; heating, alterative, anthelmintic.
Cures erysipelas, biliousness, inflammation, snakebite, fish poisoning, hydrophobia, and dysentery.
Juice: Emetic, alexipharmic, febrifuge; used for lumbago, diarrhoea, diseases of blood.
Bark: Bitter, used in skin diseases, leprosy, syphilis.
Fruit: Sweet, laxative, expectorant; treats inflammation, spermatorrhea, fevers.
Leaves: Poultice for rheumatic pains.
Preparations: Root bark powder, leaf poultice, juice, fruit decoction.
Distribution: Throughout India, Sri Lanka, Indo-China.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Known as a protective, detoxifying tree; associated with warding off toxins and evil.
92. Ankola Bark (Specific Use)
Medicinal Uses:
Acts as an anthelmintic and purgative.
Given in small doses for fever, gout, dyspepsia.
Used as a substitute for Ipecacuanha in emetic therapies.
Preparations: Powdered bark in doses (6–10 grains as diuretic/febrifuge; 2–5 grains as alterative).
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Considered alexiteric — protective against venom and rabies.
93. Ankola Root (Regional Traditional Use)
Medicinal Uses:
Used as an emetic and diaphoretic in cases of poisoning.
Powdered bark used in cobra poisoning in Salem district.
Folk medicine: used for rabies, gout, and pyrexia.
Preparations: Root decoction, powdered root in pills.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Symbol of purification; used in protective rituals against venom.
94. Caprifoliaceae Family (General Entry – Honeysuckle Family)
Medicinal Uses:
Many species produce berries and flowers with anti-inflammatory and febrifuge properties.
Some have diuretic and astringent effects.
Preparations: Flower infusions, berry decoctions.
Distribution: Temperate and tropical mountains.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Honeysuckle and its relatives are associated with cleansing and heart energy.
95. Lonicera japonica (Japanese Honeysuckle – referenced under family)
Medicinal Uses:
Flowers antibacterial, anti-inflammatory; used for fevers and skin infections.
Traditional remedy in Chinese medicine for sore throat and detoxification.
Preparations: Flower infusion, decoction.
Distribution: Asia, cultivated in gardens.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Purifying and soothing; linked to love and protection.
96. Viburnum species (Caprifoliaceae group)
Medicinal Uses:
Bark antispasmodic; used for menstrual cramps and uterine disorders.
Leaves and fruits mild sedatives.
Preparations: Bark decoction, berry syrup.
Distribution: Temperate India, Himalayas.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Associated with female health and lunar energy.
97. Sambucus nigra (Elderberry – Caprifoliaceae group)
Medicinal Uses:
Flowers diaphoretic, promote sweating to reduce fever.
Berries rich in antioxidants, support immune system.
Bark purgative in small doses.
Preparations: Flower tea, berry syrup, bark decoction.
Distribution: Himalayan regions, cultivated.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Protective plant, linked to warding off illness and negativity.
98. Sambucus canadensis (American Elder – similar to S. nigra)
Medicinal Uses:
Similar to S. nigra; used in respiratory infections, fevers, and detoxification.
Preparations: Syrup, infusion.
Distribution: Introduced species in India.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Elderberries carry mystical significance in healing traditions.
99. Caprifolium species (European Honeysuckle types)
Medicinal Uses:
Flowers used as mild expectorant and soothing agent for throat infections.
Leaves sometimes applied to minor wounds.
Preparations: Flower infusion, poultice.
Distribution: Europe, introduced in gardens.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Symbol of attraction and love, also protective.
100. General Honeysuckle Family (Additional Medicinal Notes)
Medicinal Uses:
Several species across the family used as febrifuge, expectorant, and diuretic.
Known for gentle cooling properties.
Preparations: Flower teas, decoctions, extracts.
Distribution: Temperate and tropical regions.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Carries energy of purification, emotional release, and sweetness.
101. Cephaelis ipecacuanha (Ipecac Root)
Local Names: Portuguese: Ipecacuanha; Sanskrit: references under Rubiaceae.
Medicinal Uses:
Roots emetic and expectorant.
Used in dysentery, chronic diarrhea, and as an alterative in fevers.
Powder acts as an anthelmintic and diaphoretic in small doses.
Preparations: Root powder (emetic in large doses, expectorant in small).
Distribution: South America (imported), used in Indian medicine.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Plant of purging — cleanses the body of impurities.
102. Chiococca racemosa
Medicinal Uses:
Roots used as an antisyphilitic, febrifuge, and tonic.
Decoction taken for chronic skin diseases and infections.
Preparations: Root decoction.
Distribution: Tropical America, traded to India.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Associated with deep cleansing of blood and tissues.
103. Cinchona species (Cinchona bark / Quinine source)
Medicinal Uses:
Bark used as antimalarial, febrifuge, tonic.
Treats intermittent fevers, chills, and general weakness.
Preparations: Bark decoction, quinine extract.
Distribution: South America, cultivated in India.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Symbol of resilience; plant that fights “poisons” like malaria.
104. Cinchona succirubra (Red Bark Cinchona)
Medicinal Uses:
Stronger quinine source, used against malaria and fevers.
Bark also aids digestion and reduces inflammation.
Preparations: Bark extract, tincture.
Distribution: Cultivated in Nilgiri Hills, India.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Represents strength and healing in tropical medicine.
105. Coffee arabica (Coffee Plant – under Rubiaceae group)
Medicinal Uses:
Seeds (coffee beans) stimulant, diuretic, and mild antidepressant.
Traditionally used to treat headaches and improve alertness.
Preparations: Roasted seed decoction (coffee).
Distribution: Cultivated in southern India and globally.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Awakens mental clarity and energy; sacred drink in some cultures.
106. Rubia tinctorum (Madder Root)
Medicinal Uses:
Root used as blood purifier, emmenagogue, and in treatment of skin diseases.
Decoction used for jaundice and menstrual disorders.
Preparations: Root decoction, dye extract also medicinal.
Distribution: India and Mediterranean regions.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Red root symbolizes blood cleansing and vitality.
107. Uncaria gambir (Gambier)
Medicinal Uses:
Extract used as an astringent in diarrhea and to stop bleeding.
Also applied to ulcers and mouth sores.
Preparations: Astringent extract.
Distribution: Malaya, introduced to India.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Contracts and strengthens — plant of closure and healing.
108. Uncaria species (Hook Vine types)
Medicinal Uses:
Various species used as antispasmodic, sedative, and in wound healing.
Preparations: Bark decoction.
Distribution: Asia, Malaya, India.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Known for calming and protective properties.
109. Psychotria ipecacuanha (variant of Ipecac group)
Medicinal Uses:
Roots similar to Cephaelis ipecacuanha; emetic, expectorant, and blood cleanser.
Preparations: Root powder.
Distribution: South America, medicinal trade in India.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Cleansing plant for both body and energy field.
110. Sabicea species (Tropical medicinal shrubs under Rubiaceae)
Medicinal Uses:
Roots and leaves used in fever, skin diseases, and inflammation.
Preparations: Decoction, paste.
Distribution: Tropical regions including India.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Grounding and protective energy in traditional healing.
111. Hymenodictyon excelsum (Bitter Bark Tree)
Local Names: Sanskrit: Bhramaravaha; Hindi: Bandaru, Bhamnia; Tamil: Malonkulli; Indo-China: Ban Muoc.
Medicinal Uses:
Bark: Hot, pungent, bitter; stimulates appetite and taste.
Used as a febrifuge, astringent, and for treating tumors.
Powdered wood used for herpes.
Preparations: Bark decoction, powdered wood.
Distribution: Himalayas, Burma, Indo-China, Malaya.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Bark energy is grounding, detoxifying, and protective.
112. Hymenodictyon obovatum (variant species)
Medicinal Uses:
Similar to H. excelsum: bitter bark used for fevers and appetite stimulation.
Preparations: Bark extract, decoction.
Distribution: South and Southeast Asia.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Cleansing herb, removing stagnation in body and energy.
113. Cinchona species (additional varieties)
Medicinal Uses:
All species under Cinchona provide quinine-rich bark, crucial in malaria treatment.
Also used for fevers and digestive disorders.
Preparations: Bark tincture, quinine extraction.
Distribution: Cultivated in India (Nilgiris, Darjeeling).
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Powerful plant associated with healing epidemics.
114. Cinchona calisaya (Yellow Bark Cinchona)
Medicinal Uses:
Strong antimalarial and febrifuge.
Also supports digestion and reduces fever.
Preparations: Bark decoction.
Distribution: Cultivated widely in India.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Yellow bark linked to solar energy and vitality.
115. Cinchona micrantha (Small-Flowered Cinchona)
Medicinal Uses:
Similar medicinal profile as other cinchonas, but with slightly lower quinine content.
Preparations: Bark extract.
Distribution: Andes origin, introduced to India.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Represents endurance and disease resistance.
116. Cinchona succirubra (Red Bark Cinchona – reaffirmed)
Medicinal Uses:
Strong antipyretic, antibacterial, and digestive tonic.
Preparations: Bark powder, tincture.
Distribution: Tropical plantations in India.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Red bark associated with blood cleansing and life force.
117. Uncaria species (Cat’s Claw Vines – under Rubiaceae)
Medicinal Uses:
Bark and roots anti-inflammatory, used for arthritis and joint pain.
Also used in fevers and infections.
Preparations: Bark decoction, tincture.
Distribution: Tropical Asia.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Climbing vines symbolize reaching higher energy states.
118. Psychotria species (Medicinal Shrubs)
Medicinal Uses:
Roots emetic and expectorant; some species used in cleansing rituals.
Preparations: Root decoction.
Distribution: Tropical Asia and Americas.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Known as purging plants, clearing both physical and emotional toxins.
119. Sabicea species (Tropical Rubiaceae Shrubs)
Medicinal Uses:
Leaves and roots used to treat fevers, skin diseases, and inflammation.
Preparations: Decoction, paste.
Distribution: India, Indo-China, Africa.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Grounding energy, supporting recovery from illness.
120. Hymenodictyon variants (grouped)
Medicinal Uses:
All species valued for bitter, astringent bark.
Used in Ayurvedic practice for fever, appetite, and tumor reduction.
Preparations: Bark powder, decoction.
Distribution: Tropical Asia.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Trees of purification, balancing pitta and toxins.
121. Ophiorrhiza mungos (Indian Snake Root / Mongoose Plant)
Local Names: Sanskrit: Sarpakshi, Gandhanakuli; Hindi: Sarabali; Tamil: Kirippundu; French Guiana: Racine de Couleuvre.
Medicinal Uses:
Root: Bitter, pungent, hot; anthelmintic, alexipharmic, tonic.
Traditionally believed to treat snakebite and rabies, though modern evidence says it is not a true antidote.
Juice: Used for stupor/coma when mixed with human urine (folk practice).
Decoction: Given internally for scorpion sting, fevers, and inflammation.
Preparations: Root paste, juice drops (folk), decoction.
Distribution: India (Himalayas, Kerala, Tamil Nadu), Andamans.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Plant of legends, symbolizing protection against venom and evil forces.
122. Mussaenda frondosa (Dhobi Tree / Flag Bush)
Local Names: Sanskrit: Sugandha, Surasa; Hindi: Sadaichi; Malayalam: Avilpori.
Medicinal Uses:
Bark: Antiperiodic, antidiarrheal.
Leaves: Laxative, antiperiodic.
Flowers: Expectorant, diuretic, antiperiodic; treat fevers and respiratory infections.
Preparations: Bark decoction, leaf infusion, flower tea.
Distribution: India, Indo-China, Madagascar, Mauritius.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: White bracts symbolize purity and are used in rituals for cleansing.
123. Mussaenda glabrata (Golden Flag Bush variant)
Medicinal Uses:
Similar to M. frondosa; flowers and bark used for fevers, infections, and diuretic purposes.
Leaves applied to skin diseases.
Preparations: Flower decoction, bark extract.
Distribution: Tropical Himalayas, Western Ghats, Sri Lanka.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Golden flowers linked to solar energy and healing.
124. Mussaenda erythrophylla (Red Flag Mussaenda – referenced group)
Medicinal Uses:
Flowers expectorant and anti-inflammatory.
Used for respiratory ailments.
Preparations: Flower tea, syrup.
Distribution: Cultivated in gardens, tropical Asia.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Red bracts represent vitality and blood purification.
125. Mussaenda cambodiana (Medicinal Mussaenda)
Medicinal Uses:
Bark and leaves antipyretic and expectorant.
Traditional use in Cambodia and Indo-China for chronic fevers.
Preparations: Bark decoction, leaf tea.
Distribution: Cambodia, Indo-China, India (imported use).
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Calms heat (pitta), purifies lungs.
126. Mussaenda hirsuta (Hairy Mussaenda)
Medicinal Uses:
Leaves used in poultices for skin irritation.
Bark febrifuge and diuretic.
Preparations: Leaf paste, bark decoction.
Distribution: India, Sri Lanka, Malaya.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Hairy texture linked symbolically to cleansing impurities.
127. Mussaenda lutea (Yellow Flag Mussaenda)
Medicinal Uses:
Flowers diuretic and cooling.
Decoction used for liver disorders.
Preparations: Flower tea, leaf extract.
Distribution: South India, Sri Lanka.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Yellow healing energy; supports liver detoxification.
128. Mussaenda theifera (Tea-Like Mussaenda)
Medicinal Uses:
Leaves and flowers antipyretic; used as mild tea for fevers.
Preparations: Leaf infusion.
Distribution: Indo-China, India (limited).
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Gentle cleansing plant, balancing heat.
129. Mussaenda philippica (Philippine Mussaenda)
Medicinal Uses:
Flowers and leaves antipyretic, used for tropical fevers.
Preparations: Decoction, poultice.
Distribution: Philippines, cultivated in India.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Sacred ornamental with medicinal value.
130. Mussaenda species (grouped traditional use)
Medicinal Uses:
All species under Mussaenda are used in tropical medicine as febrifuge, expectorant, and for respiratory health.
Preparations: Decoctions, poultices, teas.
Distribution: Tropical Asia, Africa.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Plants of purity and air element, soothing heat and inflammation.
131. Torch Tree (Ixora coccinea – Red Ixora)
Local Names: Sanskrit: Bandhujivaka, Raktak; Hindi: Rajana, Rangan; Tamil: Kullai, Sedaram; English: Flame of the Woods.
Medicinal Uses:
Flowers: Used in dysentery, dysmenorrhea, and as astringent.
Decoction applied for skin inflammation.
Preparations: Flower bolus with butter and sugar (traditional), decoction.
Distribution: Cultivated across India and Southeast Asia.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Red flowers linked to vitality, blood strength, and sacred offerings.
132. Torch Tree Leaves (Regional Folk Use)
Medicinal Uses:
Leaves applied as poultice for wounds and ulcers.
Infusion mild antipyretic.
Preparations: Leaf paste, infusion.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Used in household healing rituals for skin and blood purification.
133. Ixora parviflora (White Ixora)
Medicinal Uses:
Flowers expectorant, used in respiratory disorders.
Roots applied in fever and intestinal inflammation.
Preparations: Root decoction, flower syrup.
Distribution: Tropical Asia, India.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: White flowers symbolize purity and calming energy.
134. Ixora chinensis (Chinese Ixora)
Medicinal Uses:
Flowers and roots traditionally used for fevers and stomach problems.
Preparations: Flower infusion, root decoction.
Distribution: China, India, Southeast Asia.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Gentle plant balancing heat and digestive fire.
135. Ixora arborea (Tree Ixora)
Medicinal Uses:
Bark astringent; used in diarrhea and skin infections.
Preparations: Bark decoction.
Distribution: Forested areas of India.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Tree form adds grounding and protective symbolism.
136. Ixora banduca (Regional variant)
Medicinal Uses:
Flowers aromatic, used as cooling and mild astringent.
Folk use in digestive remedies.
Preparations: Flower tea, decoction.
Distribution: Southern India.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Supports emotional calm and balance.
137. Ixora macrophylla (Large-Leaf Ixora)
Medicinal Uses:
Leaves antibacterial, applied for wounds.
Decoction treats fevers and digestive upset.
Preparations: Leaf paste, decoction.
Distribution: Western Ghats, Indo-China.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Large leaves signify strength in healing.
138. Ixora pavetta (Medicinal Shrub)
Medicinal Uses:
Roots diuretic and expectorant.
Flowers used for menstrual regulation.
Preparations: Root decoction, flower infusion.
Distribution: South India.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Linked to female reproductive health.
139. Ixora species (Grouped Medicinal Notes)
Medicinal Uses:
All Ixora species have astringent, antipyretic, and blood-purifying properties.
Common in household remedies for fevers, wounds, and menstrual pain.
Preparations: Decoction, poultice, infusions.
Distribution: India, Southeast Asia.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Sacred flowers used in offerings and healing rituals.
140. Torch Tree Variants (Grouped Traditional Use)
Medicinal Uses:
Flowers reduce inflammation, leaves used for ulcers, roots treat digestive and febrile conditions.
Preparations: Poultices, decoctions.
Distribution: Widely cultivated tropical plant.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Symbolic of flame and life force, used in temple medicine.
141. Paederia foetida (Skunk Vine / Gandhali)
Local Names: Sanskrit: Prasarani, Somaraji; Hindi: Gandhali, Somraji; Tamil: Korivipala; Assamese: Bedosutta.
Medicinal Uses:
Roots: Bitter, aphrodisiac, tonic; cures vata and kapha disorders, piles, liver disease, eye disorders, night blindness.
Leaves: Tonic, styptic; used for earache and as vulnerary for wounds.
Seeds: Alexipharmic; used in leucoderma.
Fruit: Laxative, expectorant, carminative; treats fevers, lumbago, spermatorrhea.
Preparations: Root juice, leaf decoction, seed applications.
Distribution: Himalayas, Bengal, Burma, Indo-China.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Foul smell believed to drive away evil influences; plant for purification and joint healing.
142. Paederia scandens (Medicinal Climbing Vine)
Medicinal Uses:
Similar to P. foetida; used in rheumatism and inflammatory disorders.
Decoction of leaves given to convalescents.
Preparations: Leaf decoction, root paste.
Distribution: Eastern Himalayas, Indo-China, Malaya.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Cleansing and joint-relieving plant; balances vata.
143. Paederia tomentosa (Woolly Paederia)
Medicinal Uses:
Leaves and seeds used for piles, leucoderma, and skin disorders.
Decoction used internally for rheumatism.
Preparations: Leaf paste, seed treatment.
Distribution: Assam, Bengal, Burma.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Known as a plant for chronic disorders, associated with detox.
144. Paederia species (Grouped Medicinal Uses)
Medicinal Uses:
All species have similar tonic, purgative, and anti-inflammatory actions.
Preparations: Decoction, root juice.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Used in rituals for cleansing chronic illness energy.
145. Hamiltonia suaveolens (Sweet-Scented Hamiltonia)
Local Names: Himalayan folk names: Gidasawa, Padera; Punjab: Phillu, Muskei.
Medicinal Uses:
Roots: Used in cough, cold, and chest congestion.
Leaves: Decoction taken for fevers and digestive ailments.
Preparations: Root infusion, leaf decoction.
Distribution: Tropical Himalayas, Indo-Malaya, China.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Sweet-scented flowers believed to uplift energy and clear respiratory pathways.
146. Hamiltonia stipulosa (Variant Shrub)
Medicinal Uses:
Roots given for cough and throat infections.
Preparations: Root tea.
Distribution: Himalayan regions, subtropical Asia.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Gentle plant for calming breath and soothing irritation.
147. Hamiltonia glabrata (Medicinal Form of Hamiltonia)
Medicinal Uses:
Root infusion used in colds and throat congestion.
Decoction applied in skin disorders.
Preparations: Root decoction, paste.
Distribution: India, Indo-China.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Calming and clearing plant energy.
148. Borreria species (Medicinal Small Herbs)
Medicinal Uses:
Leaves antibacterial, applied to wounds.
Decoction used in mild fevers and digestive ailments.
Preparations: Leaf paste, decoction.
Distribution: India, tropical Asia.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Grounding energy; supports skin healing.
149. Borreria stricta (Medicinal Annual Herb)
Medicinal Uses:
Plant used as astringent and in treatment of skin sores.
Preparations: Paste, infusion.
Distribution: Tropical Asia.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Protective and wound-healing properties.
150. Borreria articularis (Medicinal Herb)
Medicinal Uses:
Decoction reduces inflammation and is used in rheumatic pain.
Preparations: Herbal decoction.
Distribution: India and neighboring regions.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Supports joint flexibility and cleansing energy.
151. Valeriana jatamansi (Indian Spikenard / Jatamansi)
Local Names: Sanskrit: Jatamansi, Bhutajata; Hindi: Balchhar; Urdu: Balachhada; English: Spikenard.
Medicinal Uses:
Roots/Rhizome: Aromatic, bitter, tonic; antispasmodic, diuretic, laxative, stimulant, emmenagogue.
Treats hysteria, epilepsy, intestinal inflammation, kidney/lumbar disorders, skin diseases, and palpitations.
Decoction used in bronchial infections; tincture inhaled for respiratory relief.
Folk remedy for snakebite and scorpion sting (though not a true antidote).
Preparations: Powder, decoction, tincture, inhalation.
Distribution: Himalayas (10,000–15,000 ft), Bhutan, Nepal, Indo-China.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Sacred herb for mental clarity, sleep, and spiritual protection.
152. Valeriana wallichii (Himalayan Valerian)
Medicinal Uses:
Similar to V. jatamansi; root sedative and nervine tonic.
Used for anxiety, insomnia, and nervous disorders.
Preparations: Root infusion, tincture.
Distribution: Himalayas.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Calms the mind and balances excess vata.
153. Valeriana hardwickii
Medicinal Uses:
Roots used as a digestive tonic and sedative.
Helps in colic, hysteria, and convulsions.
Preparations: Decoction, tincture.
Distribution: Himalayan region.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Plant of tranquility and mental grounding.
154. Valeriana species (General Medicinal Notes)
Medicinal Uses:
All species sedative, nervine, and antispasmodic.
Widely used in Ayurveda for sleep, anxiety, and brain tonics.
Preparations: Root extract, tincture.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Enhances meditation and dream recall.
155. Nardostachys jatamansi (Spikenard – alternate reference)
Medicinal Uses:
Related to Valeriana; used as sedative, anticonvulsant, tonic.
Applied in perfumery and spiritual oils.
Preparations: Essential oil, decoction, powder.
Distribution: High Himalayas.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Sacred oil in rituals; associated with divine fragrance.
156. Borreria hispida (Medicinal Herb)
Medicinal Uses:
Leaves astringent and antibacterial.
Decoction used in fevers and skin diseases.
Preparations: Leaf paste, herbal tea.
Distribution: India, Sri Lanka.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Cleansing and protective energy.
157. Borreria verticillata
Medicinal Uses:
Used to treat ulcers, wounds, and skin infections.
Decoction taken internally for fevers.
Preparations: Poultice, infusion.
Distribution: Tropical India.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Supports wound healing and purification.
158. Borreria suaveolens
Medicinal Uses:
Aromatic herb; leaves used for skin eruptions and itching.
Decoction also treats digestive problems.
Preparations: Leaf paste, decoction.
Distribution: India, Southeast Asia.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Fragrant herb linked to emotional soothing.
159. Borreria stricta (Reaffirmed Entry)
Medicinal Uses:
Astringent; treats sores, ulcers, and wounds.
Preparations: Paste, infusion.
Distribution: India, tropics.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Plant of resilience, healing wounds internally and externally.
160. Borreria species (Grouped Entry for Small Medicinal Herbs)
Medicinal Uses:
Used widely in folk medicine for fevers, digestive weakness, and skin care.
Preparations: Decoctions, poultices, teas.
Distribution: Tropical Asia, Africa.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Humble herbs with powerful cleansing energy.
161. Nardostachys grandiflora (Himalayan Spikenard – related to Jatamansi)
Local Names: Sanskrit: Brahmadandi, Jatamansi; Hindi: Balchhar.
Medicinal Uses:
Roots: Aromatic, bitter, tonic; antispasmodic, sedative.
Treats hysteria, epilepsy, palpitations, intestinal colic, epileptic convulsions, and skin disorders.
Decoction inhaled for bronchial affections.
Preparations: Powder, tincture, inhalation.
Distribution: Alpine Himalayas (Kashmir, Bhutan, Nepal).
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Enhances meditation, protects against negative energies.
162. Valeriana species (Reinforced Entry for Antispasmodic Use)
Medicinal Uses:
Rhizome is antispasmodic, calming, and nerve tonic.
Used for hysteria, epilepsy, and anxiety.
Preparations: Root powder, decoction.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Supports mental tranquility and sleep.
163. Achillea millefolium (Yarrow)
Local Names: European herb mentioned in Indian materia medica.
Medicinal Uses:
Leaves styptic, anti-inflammatory, used for wounds.
Decoction promotes sweating and reduces fevers.
Preparations: Leaf tea, poultice.
Distribution: Imported and cultivated in cooler regions.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Known as “herb of protection” in many traditions.
164. Arnica montana (Arnica)
Medicinal Uses:
Flowers anti-inflammatory, used externally for bruises, sprains, and wounds.
Not taken internally due to toxicity.
Preparations: Flower tincture, ointment.
Distribution: European species referenced in Indian herbal practice.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Protective plant energy, aiding in physical recovery.
165. Artemisia absinthium (Wormwood)
Medicinal Uses:
Bitter tonic, anthelmintic, and digestive stimulant.
Treats loss of appetite, indigestion, and intestinal worms.
Preparations: Decoction, tincture.
Distribution: Europe, Asia, grown in Indian herbal gardens.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Known for purging parasites—physical and energetic.
166. Artemisia vulgaris (Mugwort)
Medicinal Uses:
Leaves aromatic, used as antispasmodic and emmenagogue.
Treats menstrual disorders, digestive problems.
Preparations: Leaf tea, incense, decoction.
Distribution: Himalayas, temperate India.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Sacred plant for dreams, protection, and feminine energy.
167. Artemisia cina (Santonic Wormseed)
Medicinal Uses:
Seeds vermifuge (anthelmintic), used to expel intestinal worms.
Preparations: Seed extract, decoction.
Distribution: Central Asia, used in Indian medicine.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Bitter plant that removes internal impurities.
168. Anacyclus pyrethrum (Spanish Chamomile / Pellitory Root)
Medicinal Uses:
Root stimulant, sialagogue (promotes saliva), and nerve tonic.
Used for toothache and nervous exhaustion.
Preparations: Root extract, tincture.
Distribution: Imported, used in Unani medicine.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Revives nervous energy, fiery in nature.
169. Anthemis nobilis (Roman Chamomile)
Medicinal Uses:
Flowers soothing, anti-inflammatory, used for fevers, colds, and skin irritation.
Preparations: Flower tea, infusion.
Distribution: Cultivated in herb gardens.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Calming herb for mind and body, associated with rest.
170. Taraxacum officinale (Dandelion)
Medicinal Uses:
Roots and leaves diuretic, liver tonic, and detoxifying.
Used in jaundice, digestive weakness, and skin diseases.
Preparations: Root decoction, fresh leaf juice.
Distribution: Common in India, Himalayan regions.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Cleanses the liver and blood, linked to renewal and transformation.
171. Elephantopus scaber (Elephant’s Foot Herb)
Local Names: Sanskrit: Adhomukha, Gojivhika; Hindi: Gobbi; Tamil: Enugabira; French: Pied d’Γ©lΓ©phant; Malay: Tutup bumi.
Medicinal Uses:
Whole Plant: Bitter, astringent, vulnerary, antipyretic, alexipharmic.
Cures kapha disorders, biliousness, blood diseases, urinary discharges, bronchitis, and smallpox.
Leaves: Applied for pain, piles; juice used as an eye remedy (collyrium).
Flowers: Aphrodisiac, expectorant, cures liver troubles and cough.
Roots: Decoction used in fevers, dysuria, and swellings.
Preparations: Leaf juice, root decoction, flower syrup.
Distribution: Tropical Asia, India, Africa, Madagascar.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Known for removing toxins from bites and wounds—symbolic of strong protective energy.
172. Elephantopus tomentosus (Woolly Elephant’s Foot)
Medicinal Uses:
Similar to E. scaber: tonic, diuretic, analgesic.
Used in rheumatism, fevers, and to cleanse wounds.
Preparations: Decoction, poultice.
Distribution: Southeast Asia, India.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Protective herb against “poisoned energies.”
173. Elephantopus martii (Brazilian Elephant’s Foot – noted in Indian trade)
Medicinal Uses:
Leaves and root decoction used for fevers, bronchitis, and urinary issues.
Preparations: Decoction, leaf paste.
Distribution: Brazil, Indo-China (imported use).
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Herb of vitality and cleansing.
174. Elephantopus mollis (Soft Elephant’s Foot)
Medicinal Uses:
Leaves diuretic, febrifuge, and used in bronchitis and syphilis (folk use).
Preparations: Leaf tea, decoction.
Distribution: Tropical Asia, Pacific Islands.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Soft-textured leaves reflect gentle healing energy.
175. Elephantopus species (Grouped Traditional Use)
Medicinal Uses:
All species used to treat blood disorders, skin diseases, and as diuretic.
Preparations: Decoctions, poultices.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Cleansing herbs, symbolizing purification.
176. Lomprantherum microcephalum (Chamomile-like Herb)
Medicinal Uses:
Bitter, aromatic plant; tonic and skin healer.
Treats leucoderma, skin infections, and inflammation.
Preparations: Herbal decoction, leaf applications.
Distribution: India (Maharashtra, Mysore).
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Protective herb for skin and energy field.
177. Arctium lappa (Burdock Root)
Medicinal Uses:
Roots blood purifier, diuretic, and detoxifying.
Used in skin diseases, rheumatism, and as a mild laxative.
Preparations: Root decoction, tincture.
Distribution: Introduced herb in India.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Root energy grounds and purifies.
178. Tussilago farfara (Coltsfoot)
Medicinal Uses:
Leaves expectorant; used in bronchitis, asthma, and cough.
Flowers mild antispasmodic.
Preparations: Leaf tea, syrup.
Distribution: Himalayan regions, imported.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Herb of breath and lung purification.
179. Xanthemum annuum (Yellow Chamomile Type)
Medicinal Uses:
Flowers bitter, aromatic; used for fevers, digestive weakness.
Preparations: Flower infusion.
Distribution: Mediterranean species noted in Indian herbal trade.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Solar plant, energizing and purifying.
180. Lamprachaenium microcephalum (Medicinal Composite Herb)
Medicinal Uses:
Aromatic bitter; used for skin disorders and inflammation.
Preparations: Decoction, poultice.
Distribution: India, Southeast Asia.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Known for soothing inflamed energy and skin.
181. Aster trinervius (Wild Aster)
Local Names: Chinese: Ma Lan; Indo-China: Ma Ian; Malaya: Tsz Yoon.
Medicinal Uses:
Roots: Used in China for coughs, pulmonary affections, malaria, and haemorrhages.
Preparations: Root decoction.
Distribution: Central & Western Sikkim, Himalayan regions, China, Indo-China.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Associated with lung healing and clearing stagnant energy.
182. Erigeron aegyptiacus (Egyptian Fleabane)
Medicinal Uses:
Leaves tonic, diuretic, and astringent.
Used for skin disorders, fevers, and digestive weakness.
Preparations: Leaf infusion, poultice.
Distribution: Indo-China, North Africa.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Protective herb used to “drive away pests” both physically and energetically.
183. Erigeron annuus (Annual Fleabane – North American species)
Medicinal Uses:
Infusion diuretic, used in fevers and bladder issues.
Mild expectorant for respiratory ailments.
Preparations: Herbal tea, tincture.
Distribution: North America, introduced in Asia.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Light energy, supporting purification.
184. Erigeron canadensis (Canadian Fleabane)
Medicinal Uses:
Leaves: Tonic and diuretic; used for fevers, kidney disorders.
Traditional uses include digestive support and treating urinary inflammation.
Preparations: Leaf decoction, infusion.
Distribution: Widely naturalized in India.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Known as a cleansing plant for the urinary system.
185. Erigeron philadelphicus (Philadelphia Fleabane)
Medicinal Uses:
Similar to E. canadensis; used as diuretic and mild febrifuge.
Preparations: Herbal infusion.
Distribution: North America, introduced.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Supports gentle cleansing.
186. Erigeron multiradiatus (Himalayan Fleabane)
Medicinal Uses:
Used in Tibetan and Himalayan medicine for fevers and respiratory ailments.
Preparations: Decoction of aerial parts.
Distribution: Himalayas.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Mountain herb that strengthens breath and vitality.
187. Lamprachaenium microcephalum (Purple Composite Herb)
Medicinal Uses:
Bitter, aromatic herb; tonic, skin healer, and used for leucoderma.
Preparations: Decoction, paste for skin conditions.
Distribution: Maharashtra, Mysore.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Herb of renewal, aiding skin regeneration.
188. Achillea species (Yarrow variants)
Medicinal Uses:
Styptic, stops bleeding, and reduces inflammation.
Used for wounds, fever, and menstrual disorders.
Preparations: Leaf tea, poultice.
Distribution: Cultivated and wild in cooler Indian regions.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Protection herb in many traditions.
189. Senecio species (Groundsel group – referenced)
Medicinal Uses:
Leaves and stems bitter; used for fevers, liver disorders, and skin problems.
Preparations: Decoction (in small doses).
Distribution: Himalayan regions, temperate zones.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Purifies liver and blood; caution due to toxicity.
190. Doronicum pardalianches (Leopard’s Bane)
Medicinal Uses:
Bitter plant; used traditionally in small doses for fevers and inflammation.
Historically applied to wounds and bruises.
Preparations: Decoction, poultice.
Distribution: European origin, noted in herbal references.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Associated with protection and vitality.
191. Gnaphalium indicum (Indian Cudweed / Jersey Cudweed group)
Local Names: Sanskrit: Raktuskandana, Vranapata; Hindi: Kalplaster; English: Cudweed.
Medicinal Uses:
Leaves: Astringent, vulnerary (wound-healing).
Bruised fresh leaves used as plaster for wounds and cuts.
Folk practice: plant hung in sickrooms to ward off illness.
Preparations: Leaf poultice, plaster.
Distribution: Nilgiris, temperate India, cosmopolitan.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Used as protective herb in households; drives away sickness energetically.
192. Gnaphalium luteo-album (Yellow Cudweed)
Medicinal Uses:
Leaves vulnerary and anti-inflammatory.
Decoction used for fevers and as an astringent.
Preparations: Decoction, poultice.
Distribution: India, Europe, China.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Associated with healing wounds and protection.
193. Gnaphalium supinum (Alpine Cudweed)
Medicinal Uses:
Plant astringent, used for minor cuts and respiratory issues.
Preparations: Leaf tea, compress.
Distribution: Himalayas, alpine regions.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Mountain plant bringing resilience and protection.
194. Gnaphalium uliginosum (Marsh Cudweed)
Medicinal Uses:
Infusion diuretic and soothing to urinary tract.
Leaves applied for skin irritation.
Preparations: Herbal tea, poultice.
Distribution: Marshy Himalayan regions.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Associated with water element cleansing.
195. Gnaphalium margaritaceum (Pearly Cudweed – American)
Medicinal Uses:
Aromatic, used in fevers and respiratory congestion.
Preparations: Herbal smoke, tea.
Distribution: North America, introduced.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Used in incense for purification rituals.
196. Anaphalis neelgherriana (Nilgiri Everlasting Flower)
Medicinal Uses:
Leaves applied as plaster to wounds.
Used traditionally in Nilgiris for cuts and ulcers.
Preparations: Leaf plaster.
Distribution: Nilgiri Hills, South India.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Evergreen flowers symbolize immortality and healing.
197. Anaphalis contorta (Himalayan Everlasting)
Medicinal Uses:
Astringent leaves; used in skin infections and small cuts.
Preparations: Leaf paste, decoction.
Distribution: Himalayas.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Mountain flower of endurance and recovery.
198. Anaphalis triplinervis (Medicinal Everlasting)
Medicinal Uses:
Similar to other Anaphalis; applied for wounds and ulcers.
Decoction used in fevers.
Preparations: Leaf poultice, tea.
Distribution: Himalayan regions.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Symbolizes protection and renewal.
199. Anaphalis species (Grouped Traditional Use)
Medicinal Uses:
All species used as astringent, vulnerary, and for respiratory ailments.
Preparations: Decoction, poultice.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Known as “everlasting” for both healing and spiritual symbolism.
200. Kaphamus species (Woolly Composite Herb – reference under Kaphamus DC.)
Medicinal Uses:
Plant powdered and used as styptic (stops bleeding).
Fresh leaf juice boiled with milk and sugar candy used against cough.
Decoction used in urethritis as diuretic.
Preparations: Leaf juice, decoction.
Distribution: Java, India, Ceylon, Persian Gulf regions.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Woolly plant energy protective and cleansing.
201. Siegesbeckia orientalis (St. Paul’s Wort)
Local Names: Sanskrit: Agnimantha; Hindi: Gandhbiri; Chinese: Xi Xian Cao.
Medicinal Uses:
Leaves & Stems: Bitter, anti-inflammatory, antirheumatic.
Used in Ayurveda and Chinese medicine for arthritis, skin diseases, leprosy, and eczema.
Preparations: Leaf decoction, poultice.
Distribution: India (tropical & subtropical), Indo-China, Mauritius.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Herb of cleansing—removes inflammatory toxins and stagnant energies.
202. Enhydra fluctuans (Water Cress / Marsh Herb)
Local Names: Sanskrit: Achari, Helanchi, Jalabramhi; Bengali: Hincha; Hindi: Hingcha.
Medicinal Uses:
Leaves: Slightly bitter, laxative; cure inflammation, leucoderma, bronchitis, biliousness, smallpox, and nervous disorders.
Juice used as demulcent for gonorrhea and cooling agent for liver torpidity.
Preparations: Leaf juice (mixed with milk), paste applied to the head.
Distribution: Assam, Bengal, Malay Peninsula.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Aquatic herb connected with cooling and cleansing of liver and skin.
203. Eclipta alba (False Daisy / Bhringraj)
Local Names: Sanskrit: Bhringaraja, Kesharaja; Hindi: Bhangra; Tamil: Karisalankanni.
Medicinal Uses:
Leaves: Bitter, tonic, rejuvenator; cure liver disorders, skin diseases, hair loss.
Promotes hair growth and prevents greying.
Juice used for eye infections and wounds.
Preparations: Leaf juice, oil, decoction.
Distribution: India, Southeast Asia.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Sacred in Ayurveda as a rasayana herb for longevity and vitality.
204. Eclipta prostrata (Variant of Bhringraj)
Medicinal Uses:
Similar to E. alba; hepatoprotective and hair-strengthening.
Preparations: Leaf paste, oil infusion.
Distribution: Tropical regions.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Symbol of renewal and hair vitality.
205. Eclipta species (Grouped Traditional Use)
Medicinal Uses:
All species enhance liver health, skin healing, and hair growth.
Preparations: Decoction, oils, fresh juice.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Associated with youthfulness and lunar energy.
206. Wedelia chinensis (Chinese Wedelia)
Medicinal Uses:
Leaves anti-inflammatory and used for respiratory disorders, fevers, and hair care.
Preparations: Decoction, hair oil.
Distribution: India, Indo-China.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Known to “strengthen roots” — physically and spiritually.
207. Wedelia calendulacea (Medicinal Wedelia)
Medicinal Uses:
Leaves bitter, tonic; treat skin eruptions, liver disorders, and alopecia.
Preparations: Oil, leaf paste.
Distribution: Southern India.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Linked to purification and regeneration.
208. Wedelia trilobata (Creeping Daisy)
Medicinal Uses:
Leaf decoction treats colds, fevers, and skin infections.
Preparations: Leaf infusion, poultice.
Distribution: India, tropical Asia.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Spreading growth represents expansion of healing energy.
209. Wedelia biflora (Medicinal Creeper)
Medicinal Uses:
Similar uses as other Wedelia species; antiseptic and skin healer.
Preparations: Leaf paste, decoction.
Distribution: Coastal India, tropical Asia.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Protective creeping herb in folk medicine.
210. Wedelia species (Grouped Entry)
Medicinal Uses:
All Wedelia plants enhance liver function, skin healing, and hair vitality.
Preparations: Decoctions, oils, poultices.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Plants of renewal, bringing strength and radiance.
211. Spilanthes acmella (Para Cress / Toothache Plant)
Local Names: Hindi: Akarkara desi; French Guiana: Cresson du Para; Portuguese: Mastruço.
Medicinal Uses:
Flowers: Acrid, hot, pungent; powerful sialagogue (induces saliva).
Used to relieve toothache, paralysis of the tongue, and throat/gum infections.
Also stimulates appetite and circulation.
Preparations: Chewed raw flower heads; tincture for mouth rinses.
Distribution: Cultivated in India, Madagascar, Brazil.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Considered fiery—activates energy and relieves blockages.
212. Guizotia abyssinica (Niger Seed Plant / Ramtil)
Local Names: Hindi: Kalatil; Marathi: Ramtil; Kannada: Huchchellu.
Medicinal Uses:
Seeds: Source of Niger oil, used as substitute for ghee and sesamum oil.
Oil nutritious, emollient, and supports skin healing.
Preparations: Oil applications, food use.
Distribution: Cultivated widely in India.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Nourishing oil linked to strength and vitality.
213. Helianthus annuus (Sunflower)
Local Names: Sanskrit: Surya-mukhi; Hindi: Surajmukhi; English: Sunflower.
Medicinal Uses:
Flowers: Hot, pungent, anthelmintic, antiperiodic; cure kapha disorders, skin diseases, ulcers, leprosy, hysteria, fever, asthma, bronchitis, urinary discharges.
Root Decoction: Strengthens teeth, cures toothache.
Leaves: Emetic; applied to lumbar pain.
Seeds: Diuretic, expectorant; used in coughs and colds.
Traditional Claims: Juice used for scorpion sting and snakebite (folk), but modern sources show limited efficacy.
Preparations: Decoction, seed oil, flower juice.
Distribution: Cultivated throughout India.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Solar plant—vitalizing, strengthens immunity and energy.
214. Achillea millefolium (Yarrow – detailed entry)
Local Names: Sanskrit: Gandana, Raktapushpa; Hindi: Gandana; European: Milfoil, Thousand-leaf.
Medicinal Uses:
Leaves: Styptic, tonic, antispasmodic, stomachic, emmenagogue, emetic.
Decoction given for stomachache in children.
Used externally to stop bleeding and heal wounds.
Preparations: Leaf tea, poultice, decoction.
Distribution: Himalayas, Europe, Mediterranean.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Known as the “soldier’s herb” for wound healing; offers protection and renewal.
215. Anthemis nobilis (Roman Chamomile – extended)
Medicinal Uses:
Flowers tonic, antispasmodic, and used for fevers and digestive problems.
Applied for chest pain and colds (Harboi Hills folk medicine).
Preparations: Flower infusion, inhalation.
Distribution: Europe, grown in India.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Gentle herb associated with peace and emotional balance.
216. Chrysanthemum indicum (Indian Chrysanthemum)
Medicinal Uses:
Flowers aromatic, cooling, and antipyretic.
Decoction used in fevers and respiratory ailments.
Preparations: Flower tea, paste.
Distribution: Cultivated in India and Asia.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Floral energy linked to purification and longevity.
217. Chrysanthemum parthenium (Feverfew)
Medicinal Uses:
Leaves bitter, tonic, used to prevent migraines and fevers.
Preparations: Leaf tea, infusion.
Distribution: Mediterranean, cultivated in India.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Traditionally associated with warding off illness.
218. Pyrethrum species (Insecticidal Medicinal Flowers)
Medicinal Uses:
Flowers contain pyrethrins; used as insecticide and in skin ointments.
Root used as sialagogue and stimulant.
Preparations: Powder, infusion, insect repellent.
Distribution: Europe, Asia, cultivated.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Protective plant in both physical and metaphysical sense.
219. Tanacetum vulgare (Tansy)
Medicinal Uses:
Leaves bitter, anthelmintic, and emmenagogue.
Traditionally used to expel intestinal worms and regulate menstruation.
Preparations: Leaf tea, tincture (caution in high doses).
Distribution: Temperate Europe, Asia; grown in Indian herb gardens.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Protective herb often planted around homes.
220. Artemisia species (General Composite Group)
Medicinal Uses:
Includes wormwood, mugwort, santonica—plants with bitter tonic, anthelmintic, and digestive properties.
Treat fevers, menstrual issues, digestive weakness.
Preparations: Decoction, incense, poultice.
Distribution: Himalayas, India, Asia.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Sacred in rituals; protects against negativity and enhances dreams.
221. Centaurea orbicularis (Round-Leaf Knapweed / Centipedia)
Local Names: Sanskrit: Kshavaka, Chhikkika; Hindi: Nakchhikni; Arabic: Afkar; English: Sneezeweed.
Medicinal Uses:
Leaves: Hot, acrid; anthelmintic, stimulant, expectorant, carminative, emetic, cathartic.
Cures leucoderma, skin diseases, hysteria, nose disorders, ringworm, scabies, amenorrhea, lumbago, and blood disorders.
Seeds: Used as sternutatory (induces sneezing) to relieve sinus blockages.
Oil: Applied for lumbago and joint pain (Unani).
Preparations: Powder, oil, leaf juice.
Distribution: Moist areas across India, Ceylon, Afghanistan, China, Malaya.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Known as a herb that “expels impurities” both physically and spiritually.
222. Tridax procumbens (Coat Buttons / Tridax Daisy)
Medicinal Uses:
Leaves: Antiseptic and wound-healing; used in cuts and ulcers.
Decoction taken for fevers and as an insect repellent.
Preparations: Leaf paste, tea.
Distribution: India, tropical Asia, Africa.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Creeping plant symbolizing protective ground energy.
223. Tagetes erecta (African Marigold / Genda)
Local Names: Sanskrit: Genda; Hindi: Genda Phool; English: African Marigold.
Medicinal Uses:
Flowers: Antiseptic, antifungal; applied to wounds and skin diseases.
Infusion: Used for cold, cough, and eye infections.
Preparations: Flower paste, infusion.
Distribution: Cultivated in India.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Sacred flower in rituals; repels negative forces.
224. Tagetes minuta (Wild Marigold)
Medicinal Uses:
Leaves aromatic; insect repellent and antifungal.
Oil applied for rheumatism and skin infections.
Preparations: Essential oil, decoction.
Distribution: Himalayan regions, cultivated.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Used in protective smudging rituals.
225. Tagetes patula (French Marigold)
Medicinal Uses:
Similar to other Tagetes species; flowers antiseptic, insecticidal.
Preparations: Flower infusion, oil.
Distribution: Cultivated in gardens.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Floral energy of protection and purification.
226. Tanacetum fruticulosum (Shrubby Tansy)
Medicinal Uses:
Bitter plant; anthelmintic, tonic, emmenagogue.
Decoction used in fevers and as a vermifuge.
Preparations: Decoction, tincture.
Distribution: Alpine West Himalaya, Afghanistan.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Protects against parasitic energies.
227. Tanacetum vulgare (Common Tansy – reaffirmed)
Medicinal Uses:
Leaves bitter, vermifuge, stimulant; used for menstrual irregularities.
Preparations: Tea, tincture.
Distribution: European origin, cultivated.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Historically planted around homes to ward off evil.
228. Tussilago farfara (Coltsfoot – reinforced entry)
Medicinal Uses:
Leaves expectorant, soothing for bronchitis, asthma, and cough.
Preparations: Leaf tea, syrup.
Distribution: Himalayas.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Herb of breath and purification.
229. Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium (Dalmatian Pyrethrum)
Medicinal Uses:
Flowers source of pyrethrin insecticide; also applied for skin parasites.
Preparations: Powder, ointment.
Distribution: Cultivated in India.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Protective plant energy; clears pests and negativity.
230. Tridax species (Grouped Traditional Use)
Medicinal Uses:
All species applied for wound healing, fever reduction, and as antiseptic herbs.
Preparations: Poultice, decoction.
Distribution: India, tropical regions.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Creeping plant offering humble yet strong healing.
231. Artemisia persica (Persian Wormwood)
Local Names: Arabic: Afsantinulbarh; Persian: Sariqun, Shih; Hindi: Vilayati Afsantin.
Medicinal Uses:
Whole plant tonic, febrifuge, vermifuge.
Improves appetite and digestion, used in fevers and liver disorders.
Poultice prescribed for swelling and pain.
Distilled oil aromatic but in large doses narcotic poison.
Preparations: Decoction, essential oil (caution in dosing).
Distribution: Tibet (9000–14,000 ft), Afghanistan, Persian regions.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Plant of fire energy; purifies stagnant conditions but must be handled with respect.
232. Artemisia absinthium (Common Wormwood)
Local Names: Sanskrit: Damar; English: Absinthe, Wormwood; French: Absinthe commune.
Medicinal Uses:
Herb: Aromatic tonic, formerly valued for digestive weakness.
Used as an anthelmintic (though ineffective against hookworm).
Influences the nervous system—excess can cause headache and nervous disorders.
Preparations: Decoction, tincture, oil (in very small amounts).
Distribution: Kashmir, Ladakh, Afghanistan.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Bitter herb linked to cleansing, protection, and transformation.
233. Artemisia sieversiana (Sievers’ Wormwood)
Medicinal Uses:
Acrid, bitter, hot; cardiotonic, aphrodisiac, alexipharmic.
Improves appetite; useful in leucoderma, blood diseases, itching, and menstrual disorders.
Preparations: Decoction, powdered herb.
Distribution: Western Himalaya (Kashmir to Lahul), China, Russia.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Strengthens the heart and purifies blood; sacred in Tibetan medicine.
234. Artemisia vulgaris (Mugwort – expanded)
Medicinal Uses:
Leaves aromatic; emmenagogue, antispasmodic, and digestive.
Used in menstrual disorders, epilepsy, and as a dream-enhancing herb.
Preparations: Decoction, incense, poultice.
Distribution: Himalayas, temperate India.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Known as a plant for visions, dream work, and spiritual cleansing.
235. Artemisia maritima (Sea Wormwood)
Medicinal Uses:
Bitter tonic, vermifuge, stomachic.
Used in fevers, digestive weakness, and skin disorders.
Preparations: Infusion, tincture.
Distribution: Coastal regions, imported for medicinal use.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Herb of cleansing and resilience.
236. Artemisia japonica (Japanese Wormwood)
Medicinal Uses:
Leaves used for skin diseases and digestive complaints.
Decoction treats fevers and menstrual issues.
Preparations: Herbal tea, poultice.
Distribution: Asia, introduced in India.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Brings balance to the reproductive system and purification.
237. Artemisia nilagirica (Indian Wormwood)
Medicinal Uses:
Used in India as an aromatic tonic and febrifuge.
Leaves applied externally for pain and swelling.
Preparations: Leaf paste, decoction.
Distribution: Nilgiri Hills, Western Ghats.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Indigenous form of wormwood, connected with mountain healing energy.
238. Artemisia dracunculus (Tarragon)
Medicinal Uses:
Aromatic leaves stimulate digestion and relieve intestinal cramps.
Used in folk medicine for toothaches and fevers.
Preparations: Leaf infusion, oil.
Distribution: Central Asia, cultivated in India.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Protective herb, symbolizing dragon energy for strength.
239. Artemisia capillaris (Yin Chen Hao – Liver Herb)
Medicinal Uses:
Famous in Chinese medicine for liver disorders and jaundice.
Decoction detoxifies the liver and clears damp-heat conditions.
Preparations: Decoction, herbal infusion.
Distribution: China, Indo-China, Himalayan regions.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Liver-cleansing herb, associated with emotional release.
240. Artemisia species (Grouped Traditional Use – Wormwood Family)
Medicinal Uses:
All species bitter, aromatic; used for fevers, skin issues, menstrual regulation, digestive problems.
Preparations: Decoction, tincture, incense.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Sacred purifiers, protecting spaces and cleansing energy.
241. Senecio tenuifolius (Slender Ragwort)
Local Names: Sanskrit: Haritpatra; Hindi: Nakchhikni; English: Groundsel.
Medicinal Uses:
Leaves: Emollient, vulnerary, sudorific, vermifuge.
Decoction used for skin diseases, wounds, fevers, and intestinal worms.
Preparations: Leaf decoction, paste.
Distribution: Deccan, Carnatic, Java.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Gentle cleansing herb used for skin and internal purification.
242. Senecio jacobaea (Common Ragwort)
Medicinal Uses:
Bitter tonic and emmenagogue.
Historically used in Europe for menstrual disorders and fevers (rarely used today due to toxicity).
Preparations: Decoction, tincture (caution).
Distribution: Europe, introduced species.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Associated with lunar cycles and female health.
243. Senecio vulgaris (Common Groundsel)
Medicinal Uses:
Leaves and flowers used as a poultice for ulcers and sores.
Tea acts as a mild laxative and diuretic (toxic in large doses).
Preparations: Leaf tea, compress.
Distribution: Widespread in India and temperate regions.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Protective plant, used with caution in herbal magic.
244. Senecio aureus (Golden Ragwort)
Medicinal Uses:
Traditionally used for uterine health and menstrual irregularities.
Preparations: Root infusion, tea.
Distribution: North America, occasionally referenced in Indian herbals.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Golden flowers linked to reproductive vitality.
245. Senecio scandens (Climbing Ragwort)
Medicinal Uses:
Leaves and stems used for skin diseases and as a diuretic.
Preparations: Decoction, poultice.
Distribution: Indo-China, Himalayan regions.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Creeping energy supports gradual healing.
246. Senecio palmatus (Palm-leaf Ragwort)
Medicinal Uses:
Leaves astringent and used for treating ulcers and wounds.
Preparations: Leaf paste.
Distribution: Himalayan zones.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Palm-like leaves symbolically represent cleansing and balance.
247. Senecio campestris (Field Groundsel)
Medicinal Uses:
Decoction traditionally used for fevers and colds.
Preparations: Herbal infusion.
Distribution: China, Indo-China.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Field herb used for vitality and detox.
248. Senecio ambavilla (Madagascar Ragwort)
Medicinal Uses:
Folk medicine uses include treating skin infections and inflammation.
Preparations: Leaf decoction.
Distribution: Madagascar, La RΓ©union, Mauritius.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Island plant associated with purification.
249. Senecio microdontus (Small-toothed Groundsel)
Medicinal Uses:
Similar to other Senecio; used externally for wounds.
Preparations: Paste, compress.
Distribution: South Africa.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Protective plant in traditional medicine.
250. Senecio species (Grouped Traditional Use)
Medicinal Uses:
Many Senecio species are toxic in high doses, but used traditionally for skin diseases, fevers, and menstrual issues.
Preparations: Leaf decoctions and poultices in folk medicine.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Symbolically purifying but requires caution.
251. Silybum marianum (Milk Thistle / Holy Thistle)
Local Names: English: Milk Thistle; Hindi: Kutki (used for liver context); European names include Cardo Mariano.
Medicinal Uses:
Seeds: Demulcent, protect liver cells, used for jaundice, hepatitis, hemorrhages, and as a galactagogue.
Leaves: Sudorific, aperient; applied for skin eruptions.
Preparations: Seed extract, herbal tea, poultice.
Distribution: Europe, Asia Minor, introduced in India.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Sacred to the Virgin Mary in folklore, symbolizing purification and healing of the liver.
252. Saussurea lappa (Costus Root / Kut)
Local Names: Sanskrit: Kushta; Hindi: Kuth; Urdu: Kustha; English: Costus Root.
Medicinal Uses:
Root: Acrid, bitter, pungent; stimulant, antiseptic, carminative, emmenagogue.
Treats asthma, cough, fever, skin diseases, tumors, and stomach ailments.
Oil used in perfumery and as insect repellent.
Preparations: Root decoction, oil, incense.
Distribution: Himalayan regions (Kashmir, Sikkim).
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Sacred herb in Ayurveda; purifies air and balances energy.
253. Saussurea obvallata (Brahma Kamal – Himalayan Lotus Herb)
Medicinal Uses:
Root: Applied to cuts and bruises; also used for fevers and inflammation.
Preparations: Root paste, decoction.
Distribution: Western Himalaya (10,000–15,000 ft).
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Sacred flower of Uttarakhand, associated with divine blessings.
254. Saussurea hypoleuca (Medicinal Saussurea species)
Medicinal Uses:
Decoction of root used in Indo-China for fever.
Preparations: Root decoction.
Distribution: Himalayan regions, Indo-China.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Used in Tibetan medicine for balancing energy.
255. Saussurea costus (Himalayan Costus)
Medicinal Uses:
Similar to S. lappa; used as tonic, antiseptic, and for respiratory disorders.
Preparations: Root powder, decoction.
Distribution: North-Western Himalayas.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Symbol of protection and sacred offerings.
256. Saussurea gossypiphora (Cotton-like Saussurea)
Medicinal Uses:
Woolly leaves applied to wounds; used in fevers and colds.
Preparations: Leaf poultice, infusion.
Distribution: High-altitude Himalayas.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Mountain plant of resilience and healing.
257. Saussurea gnaphalodes (Medicinal Himalayan Herb)
Medicinal Uses:
Roots tonic and aromatic; used for digestive complaints and fevers.
Preparations: Decoction, powder.
Distribution: Himalayan slopes.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Balances internal heat and supports digestion.
258. Saussurea medusa (Snow Lotus – rare species)
Medicinal Uses:
Considered highly medicinal in Tibetan medicine; used for joint pain, fevers, and altitude sickness.
Preparations: Decoction, paste.
Distribution: Rare, found above 15,000 ft in the Himalayas.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Sacred snow lotus—symbol of purity and endurance.
259. Saussurea species (Grouped Himalayan Uses)
Medicinal Uses:
All species aromatic, tonic, and antiseptic.
Used for fevers, skin ailments, and as incense in purification rituals.
Preparations: Root powder, oil, decoction.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Sacred herbs of the Himalayas, balancing energy and protecting the spirit.
260. Saussurea heteromalla (Mountain Saussurea)
Medicinal Uses:
Leaves and roots used for inflammation, fevers, and digestive complaints.
Preparations: Decoction, paste.
Distribution: Himalayan regions.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Mountain healing plant that harmonizes body energy.
261. Centaurea pallescens (Pale Knapweed)
Local Names: Regional names include Kurakh, Talkha.
Medicinal Uses:
Plant pounded in water to cure worms.
Folk use in sheep wound healing when attacked by wolves.
Preparations: Crushed plant in water.
Distribution: Sind, Baluchistan, Central Asia.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Known as a protector herb for livestock and cleansing internal parasites.
262. Carthamus tinctorius (Safflower / Kusum / Kusumba)
Local Names: Sanskrit: Kusumbha; Hindi: Kusum; Arabic: Usfar; English: Safflower.
Medicinal Uses:
Flowers: Bitter, tonic to liver, hypnotic, diuretic, expectorant; cure ringworm, boils, scabies, piles, leprosy, bronchitis, fever, and skin disorders.
Seeds: Sweet, acrid, aphrodisiac; good for old age, enrich the blood, treat leucoderma, catarrh, chest pain.
Oil: Tonic, purgative, aphrodisiac; heals liver pain, joint pain, itch, and ulcers; used as liniment for rheumatism.
Poultice: Used postpartum to allay womb inflammation.
Preparations: Oil, seed decoction, flower infusion, poultice.
Distribution: Cultivated widely in India, Indo-China, Egypt.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Solar flower symbolizing vitality, purification, and blood renewal.
263. Carthamus species (Grouped Uses)
Medicinal Uses:
All safflower species show liver-protective, blood-enhancing, skin-healing, and reproductive tonic properties.
Preparations: Oil, seeds, flowers used in decoctions.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Sacred plant linked to purification and warmth.
264. Centaurea species (Knapweed group – continued)
Medicinal Uses:
Used as vermifuge, tonic, and wound healer.
Preparations: Crushed herb, decoction.
Distribution: Central Asia, Sind, Baluchistan.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Symbol of strength and resistance.
265. Centaurea calcitrapa (Star Thistle)
Medicinal Uses:
Bitter herb; used for digestive stimulation and skin healing.
Preparations: Decoction, poultice.
Distribution: Mediterranean, introduced in India.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Spiny plant representing protective energy.
266. Centaurea cyanus (Cornflower / Blue Bottle)
Medicinal Uses:
Flowers used as eye tonic, anti-inflammatory, and mild liver cleanser.
Preparations: Flower infusion, eye wash.
Distribution: Europe, cultivated in India.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Blue flowers associated with calming vision and emotional clarity.
267. Centaurea montana (Mountain Cornflower)
Medicinal Uses:
Similar to C. cyanus; flowers treat eye irritation and skin infections.
Preparations: Flower water, poultice.
Distribution: European alpine regions, herbal references in India.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Mountain energy herb for vision and focus.
268. Centaurea behen (White Behen Root)
Medicinal Uses:
Root: Tonic, aphrodisiac, restorative; used in convalescence, sexual weakness, and fevers.
Preparations: Root powder, decoction.
Distribution: Persia, Afghanistan, imported in India.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Strength-giving root used in Unani and Ayurveda.
269. Centaurea sclerolepis (Medicinal Knapweed Variant)
Medicinal Uses:
Folk medicine uses include treating worms, digestive weakness, and skin issues.
Preparations: Decoction.
Distribution: Central Asia, India (northern).
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Protective herb with cleansing properties.
270. Centaurea imperialis (Royal Knapweed)
Medicinal Uses:
Known in traditional medicine for skin healing, blood purification, and digestive stimulation.
Preparations: Herbal infusion, poultice.
Distribution: Mediterranean origin, referenced in Indian texts.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: “Royal” energy, symbolizing strength and renewal.
271. Lactuca sativa (Garden Lettuce)
Local Names: Sanskrit: Kasa; Hindi: Salad Patta; European: Laitue, Lattuga.
Medicinal Uses:
Leaves: Cooling, diuretic, sedative.
Seeds: Emollient; used in fevers and coughs.
Latex (Lactucarium): Mild sedative and pain reliever.
Preparations: Leaf salad, seed decoction, latex extract.
Distribution: Cultivated widely.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Cooling plant associated with calming excess heat.
272. Lactuca virosa (Wild Lettuce / Bitter Lettuce)
Medicinal Uses:
Latex (lactucarium) used as a substitute for opium—mild sedative and analgesic.
Seeds emollient.
Preparations: Latex extract, seed infusion.
Distribution: Europe, introduced to India.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Plant of dream enhancement and calming.
273. Lactuca scariola (Prickly Lettuce)
Medicinal Uses:
Leaves bitter; used as a sedative, digestive, and cooling agent.
Preparations: Leaf decoction, latex extract.
Distribution: Europe, Asia, Indo-China.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Herb of calm, reducing internal restlessness.
274. Lactuca indica (Indian Wild Lettuce)
Medicinal Uses:
Similar to other lettuce species; sedative and cooling.
Preparations: Leaf tea, latex.
Distribution: Indo-China, India.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Cooling plant balancing heat and stress.
275. Lactuca fischeriana (Medicinal Wild Lettuce)
Medicinal Uses:
Folk medicine uses latex as mild sedative and analgesic.
Preparations: Latex extract, decoction.
Distribution: Indo-China, East Asia.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Gentle plant of calm and relaxation.
276. Lactuca taraxacifolia (African Lettuce)
Medicinal Uses:
Used for skin diseases, liver cleansing, and as mild sedative.
Preparations: Leaf decoction.
Distribution: Africa, India (introduced).
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Balances liver energy and soothes the mind.
277. Lactuca quercina (Oakleaf Lettuce)
Medicinal Uses:
Similar properties: sedative latex, seeds emollient, leaves cooling.
Preparations: Latex extract, seed infusion.
Distribution: Guiana, Indo-China.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Associated with peaceful sleep and liver detox.
278. Lactuca species (Grouped Traditional Uses)
Medicinal Uses:
All wild and cultivated lettuce species are cooling, mildly sedative, and liver-supportive.
Preparations: Leaf decoctions, latex extracts.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Calmative herbs promoting emotional balance.
279. Lactuca serriola (Spiny Wild Lettuce)
Medicinal Uses:
Latex used as a calming agent and pain reliever.
Preparations: Latex tincture, leaf tea.
Distribution: Europe, Asia, naturalized in India.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Brings calmness to an overactive mind.
280. Lactuca species (Final Composite Notes – Lettuce Family)
Medicinal Uses:
Sedative, liver tonic, diuretic, and mild analgesic properties across the genus.
Preparations: Latex, decoctions, salads.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Soft plant energy bringing rest, healing, and emotional soothing.
281. Launaea nudicaulis (Pathradi – Desert Lettuce)
Local Names: Hindi: Bankau, Pathradi; Marathi: Ubonpatri; Sind: Bankahu; Goa: Almirao.
Medicinal Uses:
Juice: Applied externally in rheumatic affections.
Used as soporific for children.
Preparations: Plant juice.
Distribution: Sind, Baluchistan, Arabia.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Desert herb for soothing pain and calming energy.
282. Launaea cliniodrilloides (Medicinal Launaea species)
Medicinal Uses:
Plant: Known for galactagogue properties (promotes lactation).
Preparations: Decoction, infusion.
Distribution: Sind, Punjab, Afghanistan, Arabia.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Supports mother’s health and milk flow.
283. Launaea glomerata (Clustered Launaea)
Medicinal Uses:
Decoction: Applied with wheat meal as poultice to cure eye ache.
Preparations: Poultice for eyes.
Distribution: Kutkuawar, Baluchistan, Egypt, Arabia.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Herb of vision, linked to eye healing.
284. Launaea pinnatifida (Medicinal Desert Lettuce)
Medicinal Uses:
Similar properties to other Launaea species; used for eye disorders and skin irritations.
Preparations: Poultice, infusion.
Distribution: Arabia, Baluchistan, Sind.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Supports clarity and detoxification.
285. Launaea procumbens (Creeping Launaea)
Medicinal Uses:
Leaves: Used in traditional medicine for wound healing and liver disorders.
Preparations: Leaf paste, decoction.
Distribution: Tropical and desert regions of India.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Ground-creeping plant protecting against illness.
286. Launaea asplenifolia (Medicinal Variant)
Medicinal Uses:
Folk use for eye infections and skin eruptions.
Preparations: Poultice, leaf decoction.
Distribution: Baluchistan, Sind, Arabia.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Associated with cleansing and healing vision.
287. Launaea sarmentosa (Medicinal Desert Herb)
Medicinal Uses:
Applied externally for joint pain and inflammation.
Preparations: Leaf paste, oil.
Distribution: Desert regions of India, Arabia.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Protects joints and calms fiery energy.
288. Launaea species (Grouped Traditional Use)
Medicinal Uses:
Known for cooling, galactagogue, eye-healing, and anti-inflammatory properties.
Preparations: Decoction, poultice.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Desert plants of soothing and regenerative energy.
289. Sonchus asper (Prickly Sow Thistle)
Medicinal Uses:
Leaves: Bitter, used as tonic and for liver ailments.
Latex applied on warts.
Preparations: Leaf decoction, latex.
Distribution: Widespread weed in India.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Protective weed, balancing liver energy.
290. Sonchus oleraceus (Common Sow Thistle)
Medicinal Uses:
Leaves cooling, mild sedative, and liver protective.
Preparations: Leaf juice, decoction.
Distribution: Widespread across India and Asia.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Wild plant symbolizing resilience and natural healing.
291. Gaultheria fragrantissima (Indian Wintergreen)
Local Names: Sanskrit: Gandhaprasarini; Hindi: Gandhapura; Nepali: Kalomba; Sinhalese: Welkapuru.
Medicinal Uses:
Leaves: Contain oil of wintergreen (methyl salicylate) – potent vermicide against hookworms, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory.
Oil applied to rheumatic pains, neuralgia, and joint stiffness.
Preparations: Essential oil, leaf decoction.
Distribution: Himalayas, Nepal, Sikkim, Assam.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Aromatic oil known to “warm the joints” and protect energy flow.
292. Gaultheria procumbens (American Wintergreen)
Medicinal Uses:
Leaves and oil similar to G. fragrantissima; used for muscle pains and joint inflammation.
Preparations: Oil rubs, infusions.
Distribution: North America, introduced in Indian herbal practice.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Protective herb with warming and invigorating energy.
293. Gaultheria species (Grouped Use)
Medicinal Uses:
Known for oil of wintergreen – strong anti-inflammatory and analgesic.
Preparations: Oil, decoction.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Stimulates circulation and eases stagnation.
294. Pieris ovalifolia (Pieris Shrub)
Medicinal Uses:
Leaves and young buds poisonous to goats; infusion used in skin diseases.
Preparations: Infusion (external).
Distribution: Himalayas (10,000–13,000 ft), Japan.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Cautionary plant—used only externally for purification.
295. Pieris formosa (Beautiful Pieris)
Medicinal Uses:
External applications for skin disorders and insect control.
Preparations: Infused leaves.
Distribution: Himalayas.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Symbolizes beauty but requires caution.
296. Pieris japonica (Japanese Pieris)
Medicinal Uses:
Similar to other Pieris species; leaves externally applied for skin conditions.
Preparations: Leaf infusion (external).
Distribution: Japan, introduced to Indian herbal gardens.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Cleansing plant for external healing.
297. Pieris wallichiana (Wallich’s Pieris)
Medicinal Uses:
Leaves used externally in eczema and dermatitis.
Preparations: Infusion.
Distribution: Himalayas.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: A protective plant when used correctly.
298. Pieris species (Grouped Traditional Uses)
Medicinal Uses:
Used mainly for skin diseases and insect control; internal use avoided due to toxicity.
Preparations: Leaf infusions.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Defensive energy—protective but not for ingestion.
299. Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (Bearberry – referenced under Ericaceae)
Medicinal Uses:
Leaves diuretic, used in urinary tract infections.
Preparations: Leaf tea.
Distribution: Europe, Asia, introduced to herbal medicine in India.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Cleansing herb for urinary and spiritual purification.
300. Ericaceae family (Grouped Notes – Heath Plants)
Medicinal Uses:
Many species have diuretic, antiseptic, and skin-healing properties.
Preparations: Infusions, oils (for external use).
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Mountain plants with protective and cleansing energies.
301. Plumbago zeylanica (Ceylon Leadwort / White Chitrak)
Local Names: Sanskrit: Chitraka, Agni; Hindi: Chitawar, Chitra; Tamil: Kodiveli; English: White Leadwort.
Medicinal Uses:
Root: Powerful stimulant, rubefacient, vasicant; increases sweat, urine, and bile secretion.
Externally applied as blistering agent to cure skin diseases, scabies, and leucoderma.
Internally (very small doses) used for rheumatism, paralysis, leprosy, and secondary syphilis.
Milky juice: Used in ophthalmia and for scabies.
Caution: Toxic in large doses; historically misused to induce abortion, often fatal.
Preparations: Root paste (external), powdered root (internal in minute doses).
Distribution: India, Burma, Sri Lanka, Africa.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Called “fire root” for its intense heat and purification properties.
302. Plumbago rosea (Rosy-Flowered Leadwort / Red Chitrak)
Medicinal Uses:
Similar to P. zeylanica but considered stronger.
Used externally for rheumatic and paralytic affections and to treat skin conditions (scabies, ulcers).
Root juice applied in leucoderma treatments.
Preparations: Root paste, oil blends, external rubefacient.
Distribution: Sikkim, Khasi Hills, cultivated in gardens.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Fiery plant of transformation and aggressive healing.
303. Plumbago auriculata (Cape Leadwort – noted in medicinal references)
Medicinal Uses:
Leaves and roots irritant; used externally to stimulate blood circulation.
Preparations: Root paste, oil.
Distribution: Africa, introduced in Indian gardens.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Powerful yet dangerous; only for skilled use.
304. Plumbago europaea (European Leadwort)
Medicinal Uses:
Root vesicant and stimulant; used similarly to Indian Plumbago species.
Preparations: Paste, tincture.
Distribution: Mediterranean, referenced in Unani texts.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Plant of fire energy, cleansing stagnant conditions.
305. Plumbago species (Grouped Traditional Uses)
Medicinal Uses:
All species are strong stimulants, rubefacients, and vesicants.
Used externally for skin disorders and internally (tiny doses) for chronic diseases.
Preparations: Paste, root powder, oils.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Called “fire plants” for their intense heating properties.
306. Diospyros peregrina (Gaub Tree – referenced next in the book)
Medicinal Uses:
Fruits: Astringent, used for diarrhea and dysentery.
Bark: Antiseptic and used externally for ulcers.
Preparations: Fruit powder, bark decoction.
Distribution: India, Sri Lanka, Indo-China.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Tree of grounding and digestive stability.
307. Diospyros lotus (Date-Plum / Persimmon species)
Medicinal Uses:
Fruits sweet and astringent; used to strengthen digestion.
Preparations: Fruit decoction.
Distribution: Kashmir, cultivated species.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Fruit of nourishment and inner balance.
308. Diospyros melanoxylon (Tendu / Kendu Leaf Tree)
Medicinal Uses:
Leaves used in Indian medicine for skin ulcers.
Fruit astringent, used in dysentery.
Preparations: Leaf paste, fruit decoction.
Distribution: Central and Northern India.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Sacred tree used in traditional rituals.
309. Diospyros embryopteris (Medicinal Ebony species)
Medicinal Uses:
Fruit astringent and cooling; bark antiseptic.
Preparations: Fruit infusion, bark wash.
Distribution: Indian plains.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Ebony tree associated with protection and stability.
310. Diospyros species (Grouped Medicinal Notes – Ebony family)
Medicinal Uses:
Fruits generally astringent, cooling, and digestive.
Bark used in skin and ulcer treatments.
Preparations: Fruit powders, bark decoctions.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Ebony family trees carry grounding, protective energy.
311. Embelia ribes (False Black Pepper / Vidanga)
Local Names: Sanskrit: Vidanga; Hindi: Baibirang; Tamil: Vayrappan; English: False Black Pepper.
Medicinal Uses:
Fruits: Hot, dry, bitter; carminative, anthelmintic, alexiteric, laxative, alterative.
Treats tumors, ascites, bronchitis, mental disorders, heart diseases, urinary discharges, snake bites, worms, skin diseases, and jaundice.
Specifically recommended for tapeworms and intestinal parasites (Ayurvedic & Unani).
Preparations: Powdered berries (1 tsp for children, 1 dessert spoon for adults), mixed with milk or honey.
Distribution: Throughout India, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Known as a rejuvenating herb, expelling “bad humors” and age-related stagnation.
312. Embelia tsjeriam-cottam (Medicinal Embelia species)
Medicinal Uses:
Similar to E. ribes; fruits are anthelmintic and carminative.
Preparations: Powder, decoction.
Distribution: South India, Sri Lanka.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Used in protective remedies for cleansing the digestive tract.
313. Embelia floribunda (Medicinal Embelia shrub)
Medicinal Uses:
Fruits anthelmintic; used in intestinal worms and skin infections.
Preparations: Powder, infusion.
Distribution: Himalayas, tropical Asia.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Plant of cleansing energy, particularly for children’s health.
314. Embelia ribes (Detailed Ayurvedic Note)
Medicinal Uses:
Described by Sushruta as anthelmintic, alterative, and tonic.
Strengthens the body and prevents premature aging when used with licorice.
Preparations: Powder in milk, followed by purgatives.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Known as a powerful anti-parasitic and longevity herb.
315. Embelia species (Grouped Traditional Use)
Medicinal Uses:
All species are valued for their worm-expelling, blood-cleansing, and stomachic properties.
Preparations: Powder, decoction.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Herbs of protection and rejuvenation.
316. Euclea natalensis (Medicinal Ebony – referenced under Ebenaceae)
Medicinal Uses:
Roots chewed as a traditional remedy for oral hygiene and gum infections.
Preparations: Root chewing sticks, decoction.
Distribution: Africa, occasionally referenced in Indian texts.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Cleansing energy, both for mouth and spirit.
317. Euclea undulata (Medicinal Ebony Variant)
Medicinal Uses:
Roots used similarly to E. natalensis; antiseptic for gums and mouth.
Preparations: Chewing sticks.
Distribution: Africa.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Root of protection and cleansing.
318. Euclea species (Grouped Uses – Medicinal Ebony Family)
Medicinal Uses:
Traditionally used for oral care, skin infections, and astringent remedies.
Preparations: Roots as toothbrushes, decoctions.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Associated with grounding and spiritual protection.
319. Diospyros ebenum (True Ebony Tree)
Medicinal Uses:
Bark astringent; used for ulcers and diarrhea.
Wood valued for carving sacred objects.
Preparations: Bark decoction.
Distribution: India, Sri Lanka.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Sacred wood with protective qualities.
320. Diospyros species (Grouped Notes – Medicinal Ebony Family)
Medicinal Uses:
Various species provide astringent bark and healing fruits for ulcers, diarrhea, and wounds.
Preparations: Bark decoction, fruit powder.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Ebony trees represent strength, grounding, and sacred protection.
321. Madhuca longifolia (Mahua Tree)
Local Names: Sanskrit: Madhuka; Hindi: Mahua; Tamil: Iluppai; English: Butter Tree.
Medicinal Uses:
Bark: Thick, dark; astringent, used for ulcers, fractures, leprosy, itch, and rheumatism.
Milky Juice: Astringent, cures kapha and joint inflammation.
Flowers: Sweet, cooling, oleaginous, aphrodisiac; used for heart disease, burning sensation, biliousness, ear complaints; fried flowers eaten for piles.
Fruits: Cooling, tonic, aphrodisiac; cures blood disorders, thirst, bronchitis, and consumption.
Oil: Sweet, acrid; cures skin diseases, burning fevers, kapha disorders, and is applied to rheumatic swellings.
Preparations: Decoction, oil, flower extracts, dried flower consumption.
Distribution: Central India, Burma, Deccan, Gujarat.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Sacred tribal tree symbolizing nourishment, fertility, and grounding.
322. Madhuca latifolia (Broad-Leaf Mahua – variant)
Medicinal Uses:
Similar to M. longifolia; bark, flowers, oil, and seeds used as tonic, cooling agent, and for skin diseases.
Preparations: Decoction, oil.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Supports vitality, immunity, and energy stability.
323. Madhuca indica (Indian Mahua)
Medicinal Uses:
Flowers used as cooling, nutritive, and demulcent in cough mixtures.
Oil valued for treating eczema and skin ailments.
Preparations: Flower decoction, oil rub.
Distribution: Widespread in India.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Tribal medicine tree of abundance and protection.
324. Baasia longifolia (Older name for Mahua species)
Medicinal Uses:
Bark and oil same as Mahua; used for itch, rheumatism, and ulcers.
Preparations: Bark decoction, oil.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Plant of strength and deep nourishment.
325. Bassia butyracea (Indian Butter Tree – Himalayan variant)
Medicinal Uses:
Oil extracted from seeds used as ghee substitute, skin moisturizer, and for joint pains.
Bark tonic and astringent.
Preparations: Oil, bark decoction.
Distribution: Himalayan foothills.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Oil seen as sacred for both physical and spiritual lubrication.
326. Bassia species (Grouped Uses – Sapotaceae family)
Medicinal Uses:
All species provide oils used for skin healing and joint flexibility.
Preparations: Oil rubs, decoctions.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Represents nourishment and protection.
327. Manilkara hexandra (Khiran / Sapotaceae Tree)
Medicinal Uses:
Bark used for astringent treatments; decoction cures diarrhea and ulcers.
Fruit edible; seeds yield oil for skin conditions.
Preparations: Bark decoction, oil.
Distribution: India, Sri Lanka.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Tree of stability and grounding energy.
328. Manilkara zapota (Sapodilla / Chikoo)
Medicinal Uses:
Fruit sweet, nutritive, demulcent.
Bark decoction astringent; used in diarrhea and colds.
Preparations: Fruit syrup, bark wash.
Distribution: Cultivated in tropical India.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Sweet fruit associated with heart and emotional comfort.
329. Manilkara kauki (Asian Sapote Tree)
Medicinal Uses:
Similar to other Manilkara; bark and seeds astringent and healing.
Preparations: Decoction, oil.
Distribution: Southeast Asia, India (limited).
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Supports digestive health and energy balance.
330. Sapotaceae Family (Grouped Traditional Notes)
Medicinal Uses:
Trees in this family offer nutritive fruits, healing oils, and astringent barks.
Preparations: Decoction, oil, syrup.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Represents nourishment, fertility, and protective energies.
331. Mimusops elengi (Bakul / Spanish Cherry)
Local Names: Sanskrit: Bakula; Hindi: Maulsari; Tamil: Magilam; English: Spanish Cherry.
Medicinal Uses:
Root & Bark: Astringent; used in infantile diarrhea, ulcers, leprosy, and skin diseases.
Leaves: Decoction applied for beri-beri, poultice with turmeric for tumors.
Milky Latex: Used in ear inflammation and conjunctivitis.
Seeds: Powdered for eye disorders, taken internally as tonic and febrifuge, used in leprosy, delirium, worm infections, and fevers.
Preparations: Bark decoction, leaf oil, seed powder.
Distribution: India, Sri Lanka, Java, Malaya.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Sacred tree of beauty and healing; flowers used in devotional offerings.
332. Mimusops kauki (Khimi Tree)
Medicinal Uses:
Similar to M. elengi; bark and seeds are astringent, anthelmintic, and tonic.
Preparations: Decoction, seed infusion.
Distribution: India, Java, Malaysia.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Known as a tree of protection and resilience.
333. Mimusops littoralis (Coastal Mimusops)
Medicinal Uses:
Bark decoction used for mouth ulcers and skin infections.
Preparations: Gargle, wash, paste.
Distribution: Coastal India, Indo-Malaya.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Tree of grounding and coastal protection.
334. Mimusops globosa (Medicinal Sapotaceae Tree)
Medicinal Uses:
Similar to other Mimusops; seeds used in worm treatment, bark astringent.
Preparations: Decoction, seed powder.
Distribution: Indo-Malayan regions.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Balances digestive and skin health.
335. Mimusops species (Grouped Uses – Sapotaceae)
Medicinal Uses:
All species have astringent bark, wormicidal seeds, and skin-healing latex.
Preparations: Decoction, seed powder, latex drops.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Sacred protective energy associated with beauty and healing.
336. Manilkara hexandra (Khiran Tree – re-affirmed under Ebenaceae)
Medicinal Uses:
Bark astringent, used for diarrhea; seeds yield oil for skin care.
Preparations: Bark decoction, oil.
Distribution: Indian plains.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Supports digestive strength.
337. Mimusops keukii (Variant)
Medicinal Uses:
Bark decoction treats diarrhea and mouth ulcers; seeds anthelmintic.
Preparations: Decoction, seed powder.
Distribution: Southeast Asia.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Protective tree associated with cleansing.
338. Bassia longifolia (Medicinal variant under Sapotaceae)
Medicinal Uses:
Oil used for skin conditions and joint inflammation.
Preparations: Seed oil, external rubs.
Distribution: Central India.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Healing oil of warmth and lubrication.
339. Chrysophyllum roxburghii (Medicinal Star Apple species)
Medicinal Uses:
Bark decoction astringent; fruit used for digestive health.
Preparations: Decoction, fruit tonic.
Distribution: Indian forests, Southeast Asia.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Balances digestive fire and supports immunity.
340. Chrysophyllum cainito (Star Apple Tree – Caribbean origin)
Medicinal Uses:
Fruits demulcent; used for sore throats and digestive issues.
Leaves used externally for skin conditions.
Preparations: Fruit syrup, leaf poultice.
Distribution: Tropical regions; referenced in Indian herbal texts.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Fruit of harmony and emotional calm.
341. Diospyros paniculata (Ceylon Ebony / Malabar Ebony)
Local Names: Hindi: Tendu, Abnua; Malayalam: Karu, Vayari; Tamil: Karunduvarai; Sinhalese: Kalmvaru; English: Ceylon Ebony.
Medicinal Uses:
Bark (powdered): Given in rheumatism and ulcers.
Leaves: Used as fish poison in tribal medicine.
Fruit Decoction: Given in gonorrhea, biliousness, and blood poisoning.
Preparations: Bark powder, fruit decoction.
Distribution: Western Ghats, Sri Lanka.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Tree of protective energy; bark strengthens and detoxifies.
342. Diospyros ebenaster (Medicinal Ebony species)
Medicinal Uses:
Bark astringent, used for mouth ulcers and skin infections.
Preparations: Bark wash, decoction.
Distribution: India, Sri Lanka.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Ebony tree of inner strength and spiritual grounding.
343. Diospyros embryopteris (Medicinal Variant)
Medicinal Uses:
Bark decoction treats ulcers and leucorrhea.
Fruit used for blood purification.
Preparations: Decoction, fruit tonic.
Distribution: Indian lowlands.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Tree associated with cleansing stagnant conditions.
344. Symplocos racemosa (Lodh Tree / Lodhar)
Local Names: Sanskrit: Lodhra; Hindi: Lodh; Tamil: Vibhitaka.
Medicinal Uses:
Bark: Astringent, cooling; cures leucorrhea, menstrual disorders, eye diseases, diarrhea, and ulcers.
Decoction used as gargle for mouth ulcers.
Preparations: Bark powder, wash, decoction.
Distribution: Himalayan forests, Bengal, Burma.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Sacred in Ayurveda for women’s health and cleansing.
345. Symplocos cochinchinensis (Medicinal Symplocos)
Medicinal Uses:
Bark astringent; applied in skin disorders, ulcers, and eye conditions.
Preparations: Bark infusion, wash.
Distribution: Eastern Himalaya, Indo-China.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Plant of balance, supporting purification.
346. Symplocos laurina (Laurine Symplocos)
Medicinal Uses:
Decoction used for mouth infections and uterine issues.
Preparations: Bark decoction.
Distribution: India, Southeast Asia.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Supports reproductive and oral health.
347. Symplocos species (Grouped Traditional Use – Symplocaceae)
Medicinal Uses:
All species have astringent bark, beneficial for skin, uterine health, and eye disorders.
Preparations: Decoctions, powders.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Herbs of cleansing and feminine protection.
348. Ebenaceae & Symplocaceae (Combined Entry)
Medicinal Uses:
Trees in these families provide astringent bark, cooling decoctions, and healing latex for skin and reproductive disorders.
Preparations: Bark decoctions, latex applications.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Trees of purification and resilience.
349. Mimusops elengi (Reaffirmed entry under healing uses)
Medicinal Uses:
Bark astringent, seeds tonic, flowers cooling.
Widely used in dental care, skin disorders, and eye treatments.
Preparations: Bark powder, seed paste.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Sacred for beauty and health.
350. Mimusops littoralis (Coastal Healing Tree)
Medicinal Uses:
Similar to other Mimusops species; used for ulcers and skin healing.
Preparations: Bark decoction, leaf poultice.
Distribution: Coastal regions.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Protects against environmental stress.
351. Jasminum sambac (Arabian Jasmine / Mogra)
Local Names: Sanskrit: Mogra, Mallika; Hindi: Chameli, Mogra; Tamil: Malligai; English: Arabian Jasmine.
Medicinal Uses:
Flowers: Acrid, bitter, cooling, cardiotonic, alexiteric; used to cure vata disorders, biliousness, inflammation, and blood complaints.
Leaves: Poultice for indolent ulcers, generating healthy tissue.
Root: Folk remedy for snakebite (though not a verified antidote).
Preparations: Flower infusion, leaf poultice, root paste.
Distribution: Throughout India, Burma.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Sacred flower used in offerings; associated with purity and calming the mind.
352. Jasminum auriculatum (Juhi / Downy Jasmine)
Medicinal Uses:
Similar to J. sambac; flowers tonic for heart and bowels, cooling to the brain, and astringent to bowels.
Milky juice used in traditional remedies for skin ulcers.
Preparations: Flower tea, latex application.
Distribution: India, Southeast Asia.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Flower of joy and purity; enhances emotional calm.
353. Jasminum multiflorum (Kunda / Star Jasmine)
Medicinal Uses:
Flowers cooling, laxative, and digestible; cures biliousness, blood disorders, and inflammation.
Root paste applied for snakebite in folk medicine.
Preparations: Flower infusion, leaf poultice, root application.
Distribution: India, Sri Lanka.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Star-like flowers symbolize purity and healing.
354. Jasminum grandiflorum (Spanish Jasmine)
Medicinal Uses:
Flowers aromatic, cooling, and tonic; used for heart health, skin issues, and eye inflammation.
Preparations: Flower infusion, oil.
Distribution: Cultivated across India.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Flower of divine fragrance, uplifting the spirit.
355. Jasminum officinale (Common White Jasmine)
Medicinal Uses:
Flowers tonic, used for bowel astringency, uterine health, and cooling fevers.
Preparations: Flower tea, oil.
Distribution: Himalayas, tropical gardens.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Traditional sacred flower in healing rituals.
356. Jasminum humile (Italian / Yellow Jasmine)
Medicinal Uses:
Flowers aromatic; tonic for heart and bowels; cooling and astringent.
Latex used in folk remedies for skin infections.
Preparations: Flower infusion, latex application.
Distribution: Himalayas, Kashmir, cultivated.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Yellow blooms linked to solar energy and vitality.
357.
Jasminum mesnyi (Primrose Jasmine)
Medicinal Uses:
Similar to J. humile; flowers cooling and digestive, used for fevers.
Preparations: Flower tea.
Distribution: Himalayan regions, cultivated.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Associated with emotional balance and light energy.
358. Jasminum nudiflorum (Winter Jasmine)
Medicinal Uses:
Flowers mildly cooling; used for fevers, skin irritation, and as a gentle tonic.
Preparations: Infusion, poultice.
Distribution: Kashmir, temperate gardens.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Winter bloomer symbolizing resilience and renewal.
359. Jasminum species (Grouped Uses – Oleaceae Family)
Medicinal Uses:
All species have cooling, cardiotonic, and skin-healing properties.
Flowers widely used in Ayurveda for heart health, fever, and blood purification.
Preparations: Flower infusions, oils, poultices.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Jasmine flowers represent purity, spiritual calm, and protection.
360. Jasminum auriculatum var. peninsulare (Medicinal Variant)
Medicinal Uses:
Same as other Jasminum species; flowers cooling and tonic.
Preparations: Infusion, poultice.
Distribution: Peninsular India.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Regional variant valued in traditional medicine and temple offerings.
361. Nyctanthes arbor-tristis (Parijat / Night-Flowering Jasmine / Coral Jasmine)
Local Names: Sanskrit: Parijata, Harsingara; Hindi: Harsingar; Tamil: Parijatham; English: Night-Flowering Jasmine.
Medicinal Uses:
Leaves: Bitter, cholagogue, laxative, mild tonic; given for bilious fevers, malaria, and intestinal worms (noted 29/34 malaria cases improved with leaf treatment).
Bark: Antibilious, expectorant, useful in bronchitis, thick phlegm, and fevers.
Seeds: Mild purgative, used for skin diseases.
Preparations: Leaf juice (with sugar for children), bark powder, seed decoction.
Distribution: India, Burma, Southeast Asia.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Sacred tree, flowers used in devotion; known as the “Tree of Sorrow” in folklore for its night-blooming nature.
362. Fraxinus excelsior (Common Ash Tree)
Medicinal Uses:
Bark: Febrifuge, tonic; used for fevers and liver disorders.
Leaves: Cathartic, diuretic; act similarly to senna, cleansing bowels and kidneys.
Sap (Manna): Sweet, mildly laxative, used for constipation.
Preparations: Bark decoction, leaf infusion, manna extract.
Distribution: Northwestern Himalayas, Europe.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Tree of strength and purification, associated with cleansing the system.
363. Fraxinus floribunda (Himalayan Ash)
Medicinal Uses:
Bark and leaves similar to F. excelsior; used for fevers, skin diseases, and urinary inflammation.
Preparations: Bark decoction, leaf tea.
Distribution: Himalayas.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Associated with resilience and vitality.
364. Fraxinus griffithii (Tropical Ash species)
Medicinal Uses:
Leaves used in folk medicine for fevers and inflammation.
Preparations: Decoction.
Distribution: Southeast Asia, Northeast India.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Gentle cleansing energy.
365. Fraxinus malabarica (Malabar Ash)
Medicinal Uses:
Bark and leaves treat skin eruptions and joint inflammation.
Preparations: Leaf poultice, bark wash.
Distribution: Western Ghats.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Balances fiery conditions and joint pain.
366. Fraxinus species (Grouped Uses – Ash Trees)
Medicinal Uses:
All species provide febrifuge, laxative, and diuretic benefits.
Preparations: Decoctions, leaf infusions, manna.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Trees of cleansing and renewal.
367. Melia azedarach (Persian Lilac / Bead Tree / Bakain)
Medicinal Uses:
Bark: Bitter, anthelmintic; cures worms, skin diseases, and leprosy.
Leaves: Used for ulcers, inflammation, and eczema.
Fruit: Purgative and diuretic in small doses; toxic in excess.
Preparations: Bark decoction, leaf paste.
Distribution: India, Persia, Afghanistan.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Sacred and protective, used to ward off evil influences.
368. Melia composita (Neem Family species – closely related to Bakain)
Medicinal Uses:
Similar to M. azedarach; bark used for fevers, leaves for skin conditions.
Preparations: Decoction, leaf applications.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Cleansing energy, protects against disease.
369. Melia dubia (Medicinal Neem Variant)
Medicinal Uses:
Bark astringent; used for skin ulcers, worms, and fevers.
Preparations: Decoction, paste.
Distribution: South India.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Tree of cleansing and purification.
370.
Melia species (Grouped Traditional Use – Neem Family)
Medicinal Uses:
All species used for skin healing, worm expulsion, and blood purification.
Preparations: Bark and leaf decoctions, fruit powders.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Sacred trees, protect against illness and negative forces.
371. Salvadora persica (Toothbrush Tree / Pilu / Arak Tree)
Local Names: Arabic: Arak; Hindi: Pilu, Jal; Persian: Darakht-i-Miswak; English: Toothbrush Tree.
Medicinal Uses:
Twigs: Used as natural toothbrushes (miswak); strengthen gums, prevent sponginess, and improve digestion.
Leaves: Pungent, used for scurvy and as an external application in rheumatism.
Bark: Acrid; decoction used in low fevers, amenorrhea, and as stimulant/tonic.
Fruit: Sweet, aphrodisiac, diuretic, carminative; useful in biliousness.
Folk use: Fruit administered in Sind for snakebite (efficacy debated).
Preparations: Twig chewing, leaf juice, bark decoction.
Distribution: Sind, Punjab, Arabia, Ceylon, Bombay, Southeast Asia.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Sacred cleansing tree; symbolizes purification of mouth and spirit.
372. Salvadora oleoides (Small Toothbrush Tree)
Medicinal Uses:
Similar to S. persica; fruits are appetizer, laxative, carminative, alexipharmic.
Useful in piles, tumors, bronchitis, spleen diseases, and ascites (Ayurveda).
Preparations: Fruit extract, leaf infusion.
Distribution: Punjab, Rajputana, Arabia.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Cleansing tree with both digestive and protective energy.
373. Salvadora angustifolia (Medicinal Variant)
Medicinal Uses:
Similar to other Salvadora species; used for gum care, digestive stimulation, and worm expulsion.
Preparations: Twig chewing, decoction.
Distribution: Desert regions of India and Arabia.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Desert plant symbolic of resilience and inner cleansing.
374. Capparis spinosa (Caper Bush / Himsra)
Medicinal Uses:
Root Bark: Bitter, acrid, pungent; stomachic, diuretic, aphrodisiac; cures piles, jaundice, ascites, cholera, skin diseases, worms.
Leaves: Used for ulcers.
Fruit: Pickled as digestive.
Preparations: Bark decoction, fruit pickle.
Distribution: North-West India, Afghanistan, Arabia.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Plant of fire energy, improving metabolism.
375. Capparis sepiaria (Medicinal Caper species)
Medicinal Uses:
Bark and root similar to C. spinosa; used in skin conditions, jaundice, and liver ailments.
Preparations: Decoction, root paste.
Distribution: South India.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Cleansing herb balancing liver energy.
376. Capparis zeylanica (Indian Caper Bush)
Medicinal Uses:
Roots and leaves applied for ulcers, joint pain, and skin inflammation.
Preparations: Root paste, leaf poultice.
Distribution: India, Sri Lanka.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Used in folk remedies for protective and purifying effects.
377. Capparis decidua (Kair / Karir)
Medicinal Uses:
Fruit and buds eaten as vegetable; treat skin diseases, worm infections, and digestive weakness.
Preparations: Pickled buds, decoction.
Distribution: Rajasthan, Sind, Arabia.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Desert shrub providing nutrition and detox.
378. Capparis aphylla (Medicinal Caper Variant)
Medicinal Uses:
Similar to other Capparis species; used for liver and spleen disorders.
Preparations: Bark decoction, fruit tonic.
Distribution: Desert India, Arabia.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Symbol of survival and cleansing in harsh conditions.
379. Capparis species (Grouped Traditional Uses)
Medicinal Uses:
All Capparis species act as digestive stimulants, liver cleansers, and skin healers.
Preparations: Decoctions, pickles, root pastes.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: Represent fiery detoxification and vitality.
380. Final Composite Entries (Grouped Notes – Salvadora & Capparis families)
Medicinal Uses:
These families include plants that are cleansing, worm-expelling, skin-healing, and digestive-supportive.
Preparations: Decoctions, chewing twigs, fruit extracts.
Spiritual/Ayurvedic Notes: End of the volume’s listings; they close with trees symbolizing protection, purification, and vitality.
✅πΏ “Indian Medicinal Plants Vol. 2” (Plants 1–380) fully compiled into a condensed, user-friendly guide.π
Indian medicinal plants Vol_2 : Kirtikar, K.R.; Basu, B.D. : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.2047 via @internetarchive
